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Bio 2 > Chp 21 PP > Flashcards

Chp 21 PP Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What defense system is a surface barrier

A

innate (nonspecific)

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2
Q

What defense system causes inflammation using antimicrobials proteins phagocytes and other cells

A

innate defenses

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3
Q

What defense system uses T cells and B cells

A

adaptive (specific)

defenses

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4
Q

which defense is specific and which is nonspecific

A

adaptive is specific and innate is nonspecific.

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5
Q

What cells are humoral immunity and which are cellular?

A

B cells are humoral and T cells are cellular

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6
Q

What defense system causes fever

A

innate (nonspecific) defenses

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7
Q

which immune system is the first and second line of defense

A

innate

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8
Q

which immune system is acquired

A

adaptive

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9
Q

what are foreign materials in the immune system called

A

pathogens

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10
Q

what us considered a fever in a neonat

A

100 degrees or up

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11
Q

which immune system are involved when there are antigens or antibodies are involved?

A

adaptive

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12
Q

what is the first line of defense?

A

mechanical and chemical protection through the skin and mucosal membranes

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13
Q

what is the second line of defense?

A 
internal nonspecific defenses... phagocytes, 
Natural Killer cells (NK lymphocytes),
Inflammation,
Antimicrobial, proteins,
Fever.
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14
Q

is a seizure associated with a high body temperature but without any serious underlying health issue. They most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years.

A

febrile seizure

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15
Q

a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, that produces fever when introduced or released into the blood

A

pyrogens

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16
Q

what cells are involved in the second line of defense always looking for growth or an abnormal growth

A

Natural Killer cells (NK lymphocytes)

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17
Q

anything know to cause cancer… abnormal cell growth, displasia (cells changing shape) is called?

A

carcinogen

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18
Q

abnormal amount of white blood cell growth is called

A

leukemia

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19
Q

five signs of inflammation

A

swelling, pain, redness, loss of function, and heat

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20
Q

is vasodilation or vasoconstriction involved in immune system

A

vasodilation

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21
Q

have the ability to increase an inflammatory response

A

(NK lymphocytes = Null Killer lymphocytes)

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22
Q

what’s causing that vasodilation

A

histamine, promotes inflammation

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23
Q

Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complement mean

A

inflammation

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24
Q

what blocks viral reproduction

A

interferons

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25
Q

filter/trap foreign particles

A

lymph nodes

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26
Q

store b and t cells

A

lymph nodes

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27
Q

stores blood cells

A

spleen

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28
Q

removes anti body coated cells

A

spleen

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29
Q

traps bacteria/ antigens

A

adenoids

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30
Q

what are adenoids

A

tonsils

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31
Q

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

A

antigen

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32
Q

B lymphocytes mature here

A

bone marrow

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33
Q

its stem cells make blood cells

A

bone marrow

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34
Q

produce and educated t lymphocytes

A

thymus

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35
Q

you are born with this ability

A

non specific innate immunity

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36
Q

immunity that treats all pathogens the same

A

innate- non specific immunity

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37
Q

what is the first line of defense

A

non specific innate immunity

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38
Q

where are non specific innate immunity found

A

external organs

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39
Q

what line of immunity is skin an example of

A

non specific innate immunity

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40
Q

what line of immunity is mucous membrane an example of

A

non specific innate immunity

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41
Q

what line of immunity is cilia an example of

A

non specific innate immunity

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42
Q

what line of immunity is mucus an example of

A

non specific innate immunity

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43
Q

what line of immunity is sebaceous oil glands an example of

A

non specific innate immunity

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44
Q

what line of immunity is sweat glands an example of

A

non specific innate immunity

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45
Q

flat with tight junctions protective barrier

A

skin

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46
Q

epithelial tissues;

A

skin

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47
Q

mucous; mouth, nose, anus openings

A

MUCOUS MEMBRANES-

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48
Q

line respiratory tract to sweep out invaders

A

cilia

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49
Q

traps invaders

A

mucus

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50
Q

SEBUM trap dust/particles

A

SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS

51
Q

where does sebum come from

A

SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS

52
Q

acidity is a natural

A

antibacterial

53
Q

enzyme in SALIVA/TEARS that digests bacterial cell walls

A

lysozome

54
Q

in stomach (pH 2) kills most germs in food

A

hydrocholic acid

55
Q

what antibacterials do sweat glands produce

A

hydrocholic acid

lysozome

56
Q

the second line of defense occurs where

A

internally

57
Q

WBC’s also known as

A

LEUKOCYTES (PHAGOCYTIC CELLS

58
Q

engulf & digest invading bacteria

also destroy any damaged cells/tissues

A

LEUKOCYTES (PHAGOCYTIC CELLS) =

59
Q

damaged WBC/tissue=

A

Pus

60
Q

LEUKOCYTES (PHAGOCYTIC CELLS) are what line of defense

A

second line of defense in NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY

61
Q

ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS are what line of defense

A

second line of defense in NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY

62
Q

INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE is a part of what defense

A

second line of defense in NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY

63
Q

skin, mucus, cilia, and secretions are a part of what defense

A
  1. FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY-
64
Q

luekocytes are made up of

A

neutrophils
macrophils
eosinophils
dnetrictic

65
Q

60-70% major eaters

A

neutrophils

66
Q

BIG phagocytic cells

A

macrophages

67
Q

increase with infection by multicellular parasites; too big to eat;
attach and release chemicals to kill parasites

A

EOSINOPHILS

68
Q

have lots of long finger like projections.

A

dentritic cells

69
Q

stimulate ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (B & T cells)

A

dentritic

70
Q

a part of the complement system

A

antimicrobial proteins

71
Q

interferons are

A

antimicrobial proteins

72
Q

made up of lyse cells;

A

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS-

73
Q

what trigger INFLAMMATION (red, swelling, fever, pain)

A

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS-

74
Q

responds to viral infections;

A

INTERFERON

75
Q

quarantines/protects nearby healthy cells from getting infected;

A

interferon

76
Q

activates macrophages to come and eat infected cells

A

interferon

77
Q

(Heat; swollen; fever; red; pain)
Due to increased blood flow to area to bring more immune cells;
response to chemicals in damaged area

A

Inflammatory response

78
Q

what are two inflammatory responses

A

histamine

chemokines

79
Q

released by MAST CELLS;

A

histamine

80
Q

dilates BV’s make them more leaky;

brings more blood to infected area; plasma leaks into tissues

A

histamine

81
Q

chemical signals call up macrophages

A

chemokines

82
Q

viruses & cancer cells not for bacteria

TRIGGER APOPTOSIS-

A

NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NKC)

83
Q

cell death in infected cells (lysis)

A

APOPTOSIS

84
Q

NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NKC) are what line of defense

A

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE – INTERNAL inside of non specific innate immunity

85
Q

what immunity gains ability over time

A

SPECIFIC ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

86
Q

what line of defense is specific acquired immunity

A

third

87
Q

what line of defense is internal

A

second

88
Q

what line of defense is external

A

first

89
Q

humoral immune response is what line of defense

A

third line of defense in specific acquired immunity

90
Q

cell mediated immune response is what

A

third line of defense in specific acquired immunity

91
Q 
important in BACTERIAL infections
 B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells) make ANTIBODIES IMMUNOGLOBULINS (proteins).
 Antibodies weaken pathogens and mark for phagocytic cells to “eat”, is what response
A

HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE (PLASMA CELLS)

92
Q

important in VIRUSES, CANCER, TRANSPLANTS
• Uses T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)
• Made in bone marrow; become T cells in thymus. Is what immune response?

A
  1. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
93
Q

recognize protein antigens on surface of virus infected cells; release chemicals

A
  1. CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS
94
Q

cytotoxic are what

A

a cell mediated immune response

95
Q

perforins and granzymes are what

A

CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS

96
Q

make holes in infected cells; water rushes in ;cells burst

A

perforins

97
Q

enzymes that cut up infected host cell DNA

A

granzymes

98
Q

activate B cells and Killer T cells

A

helper t cells

99
Q

maintain immune system homeostasis; tolerance to self-antigens

A

supressor cells

100
Q

ANTIBODIES - body makes millions of different

A

antibodies

101
Q

• each cell only makes one specific type of

A

antibody

102
Q

when antigen is recognized; cell

A

reproduces rapidly in make more antibodies

103
Q
  • made of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains-
  • all similar except for ends of Y where antigen attaches
  • antigen specific- fit like lock and key

• released into blood by B Cells;

A

anti body

104
Q

Circulate in blood

Activated by antibodies binding to ANTIGENS

A

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

105
Q

COMPLEMENT PROTEINS can take what 2 pathways

A

classical and alternativeq

106
Q

is the key to more cascade of complement conversion

A

C3b COMPLEMENT PROTEINS

107
Q

sugar coating bacteria

A

OPSONIZATION

108
Q

OPSONIZATION is what

A

a COMPLEMENT PROTEIN

109
Q

Punch holes in cell walls of bacteria so they leak and die

A

(MAC-MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX)

110
Q

created by exposure of B and T cells to antigens

A

memory cells

111
Q

“Remembering” the antigen increases what

A

speed of response if exposed again

112
Q

swelling & shortness of breath lead to shut down of body systems

A

ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK

113
Q

what immunity makes its own antibodies and is longer lasting

A

active immunity

114
Q

what immunity makes antibodies, come from another source

don’t last forever

A

PASSIVE IMMUNITY

115
Q

what are examples of natural active immunity

A

exposed to pathogens
create own immune response
produce own antibodies

116
Q

what are examples of natural passive immunity

A

Mother passes antibodies to fetus

via placenta OR breast milk

117
Q

what are examples of artificial active immunity

A

VACCINES/IMMUNIZATIONS
increase immunity by exposure to
weakened/killed antigen
memory cells remember

118
Q

what are examples of artificial passive immunity

A

snake bite produces immune response/shock
Anti-venom made by injecting animals with venom
Animals (horses) make antibodies to venom

119
Q

1st exposure-makes

A

Ig E antibodies

120
Q

1st exposure-makes Ig E antibodies

Stick to mast cells which make

A

allergy inducing chemicals (HISTAMINE)

121
Q

2nd exposure- antigen attaches

A

to IgE

122
Q

2nd exposure- antigen attaches to IgE-mast cells causing them to

A

to release HISTAMINE

123
Q

how to treat
1st exposure-makes Ig E antibodies
Stick to mast cells which make allergy inducing chemicals (HISTAMINE)
2nd exposure- antigen attaches to IgE-mast cells causing them to release HISTAMINE

A

Treat with ADRENALINE/EPINEPHRINE

Bio 2 (20 decks)

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