Chp 21 PP Flashcards
What defense system is a surface barrier
innate (nonspecific)
What defense system causes inflammation using antimicrobials proteins phagocytes and other cells
innate defenses
What defense system uses T cells and B cells
adaptive (specific)
defenses
which defense is specific and which is nonspecific
adaptive is specific and innate is nonspecific.
What cells are humoral immunity and which are cellular?
B cells are humoral and T cells are cellular
What defense system causes fever
innate (nonspecific) defenses
which immune system is the first and second line of defense
innate
which immune system is acquired
adaptive
what are foreign materials in the immune system called
pathogens
what us considered a fever in a neonat
100 degrees or up
which immune system are involved when there are antigens or antibodies are involved?
adaptive
what is the first line of defense?
mechanical and chemical protection through the skin and mucosal membranes
what is the second line of defense?
internal nonspecific defenses... phagocytes, Natural Killer cells (NK lymphocytes), Inflammation, Antimicrobial, proteins, Fever.
is a seizure associated with a high body temperature but without any serious underlying health issue. They most commonly occur in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years.
febrile seizure
a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, that produces fever when introduced or released into the blood
pyrogens
what cells are involved in the second line of defense always looking for growth or an abnormal growth
Natural Killer cells (NK lymphocytes)
anything know to cause cancer… abnormal cell growth, displasia (cells changing shape) is called?
carcinogen
abnormal amount of white blood cell growth is called
leukemia
five signs of inflammation
swelling, pain, redness, loss of function, and heat
is vasodilation or vasoconstriction involved in immune system
vasodilation
have the ability to increase an inflammatory response
(NK lymphocytes = Null Killer lymphocytes)
what’s causing that vasodilation
histamine, promotes inflammation
Histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complement mean
inflammation
what blocks viral reproduction
interferons
filter/trap foreign particles
lymph nodes
store b and t cells
lymph nodes
stores blood cells
spleen
removes anti body coated cells
spleen
traps bacteria/ antigens
adenoids
what are adenoids
tonsils
a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
antigen
B lymphocytes mature here
bone marrow
its stem cells make blood cells
bone marrow
produce and educated t lymphocytes
thymus
you are born with this ability
non specific innate immunity
immunity that treats all pathogens the same
innate- non specific immunity
what is the first line of defense
non specific innate immunity
where are non specific innate immunity found
external organs
what line of immunity is skin an example of
non specific innate immunity
what line of immunity is mucous membrane an example of
non specific innate immunity
what line of immunity is cilia an example of
non specific innate immunity
what line of immunity is mucus an example of
non specific innate immunity
what line of immunity is sebaceous oil glands an example of
non specific innate immunity
what line of immunity is sweat glands an example of
non specific innate immunity
flat with tight junctions protective barrier
skin
epithelial tissues;
skin
mucous; mouth, nose, anus openings
MUCOUS MEMBRANES-
line respiratory tract to sweep out invaders
cilia
traps invaders
mucus
SEBUM trap dust/particles
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
where does sebum come from
SEBACEOUS (OIL) GLANDS
acidity is a natural
antibacterial
enzyme in SALIVA/TEARS that digests bacterial cell walls
lysozome
in stomach (pH 2) kills most germs in food
hydrocholic acid
what antibacterials do sweat glands produce
hydrocholic acid
lysozome
the second line of defense occurs where
internally
WBC’s also known as
LEUKOCYTES (PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
engulf & digest invading bacteria
also destroy any damaged cells/tissues
LEUKOCYTES (PHAGOCYTIC CELLS) =
damaged WBC/tissue=
Pus
LEUKOCYTES (PHAGOCYTIC CELLS) are what line of defense
second line of defense in NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY
ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS are what line of defense
second line of defense in NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY
INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE is a part of what defense
second line of defense in NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY
skin, mucus, cilia, and secretions are a part of what defense
- FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE NON SPECIFIC INNATE IMMUNITY-
luekocytes are made up of
neutrophils
macrophils
eosinophils
dnetrictic
60-70% major eaters
neutrophils
BIG phagocytic cells
macrophages
increase with infection by multicellular parasites; too big to eat;
attach and release chemicals to kill parasites
EOSINOPHILS
have lots of long finger like projections.
dentritic cells
stimulate ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (B & T cells)
dentritic
a part of the complement system
antimicrobial proteins
interferons are
antimicrobial proteins
made up of lyse cells;
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS-
what trigger INFLAMMATION (red, swelling, fever, pain)
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS-
responds to viral infections;
INTERFERON
quarantines/protects nearby healthy cells from getting infected;
interferon
activates macrophages to come and eat infected cells
interferon
(Heat; swollen; fever; red; pain)
Due to increased blood flow to area to bring more immune cells;
response to chemicals in damaged area
Inflammatory response
what are two inflammatory responses
histamine
chemokines
released by MAST CELLS;
histamine
dilates BV’s make them more leaky;
brings more blood to infected area; plasma leaks into tissues
histamine
chemical signals call up macrophages
chemokines
viruses & cancer cells not for bacteria
TRIGGER APOPTOSIS-
NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NKC)
cell death in infected cells (lysis)
APOPTOSIS
NATURAL KILLER CELLS (NKC) are what line of defense
SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE – INTERNAL inside of non specific innate immunity
what immunity gains ability over time
SPECIFIC ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
what line of defense is specific acquired immunity
third
what line of defense is internal
second
what line of defense is external
first
humoral immune response is what line of defense
third line of defense in specific acquired immunity
cell mediated immune response is what
third line of defense in specific acquired immunity
important in BACTERIAL infections B LYMPHOCYTES (B cells) make ANTIBODIES IMMUNOGLOBULINS (proteins). Antibodies weaken pathogens and mark for phagocytic cells to “eat”, is what response
HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE (PLASMA CELLS)
important in VIRUSES, CANCER, TRANSPLANTS
• Uses T LYMPHOCYTES (T cells)
• Made in bone marrow; become T cells in thymus. Is what immune response?
- CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE
recognize protein antigens on surface of virus infected cells; release chemicals
- CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS
cytotoxic are what
a cell mediated immune response
perforins and granzymes are what
CYTOTOXIC (KILLER) T CELLS
make holes in infected cells; water rushes in ;cells burst
perforins
enzymes that cut up infected host cell DNA
granzymes
activate B cells and Killer T cells
helper t cells
maintain immune system homeostasis; tolerance to self-antigens
supressor cells
ANTIBODIES - body makes millions of different
antibodies
• each cell only makes one specific type of
antibody
when antigen is recognized; cell
reproduces rapidly in make more antibodies
- made of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains-
- all similar except for ends of Y where antigen attaches
- antigen specific- fit like lock and key
• released into blood by B Cells;
anti body
Circulate in blood
Activated by antibodies binding to ANTIGENS
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS
COMPLEMENT PROTEINS can take what 2 pathways
classical and alternativeq
is the key to more cascade of complement conversion
C3b COMPLEMENT PROTEINS
sugar coating bacteria
OPSONIZATION
OPSONIZATION is what
a COMPLEMENT PROTEIN
Punch holes in cell walls of bacteria so they leak and die
(MAC-MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX)
created by exposure of B and T cells to antigens
memory cells
“Remembering” the antigen increases what
speed of response if exposed again
swelling & shortness of breath lead to shut down of body systems
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
what immunity makes its own antibodies and is longer lasting
active immunity
what immunity makes antibodies, come from another source
don’t last forever
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
what are examples of natural active immunity
exposed to pathogens
create own immune response
produce own antibodies
what are examples of natural passive immunity
Mother passes antibodies to fetus
via placenta OR breast milk
what are examples of artificial active immunity
VACCINES/IMMUNIZATIONS
increase immunity by exposure to
weakened/killed antigen
memory cells remember
what are examples of artificial passive immunity
snake bite produces immune response/shock
Anti-venom made by injecting animals with venom
Animals (horses) make antibodies to venom
1st exposure-makes
Ig E antibodies
1st exposure-makes Ig E antibodies
Stick to mast cells which make
allergy inducing chemicals (HISTAMINE)
2nd exposure- antigen attaches
to IgE
2nd exposure- antigen attaches to IgE-mast cells causing them to
to release HISTAMINE
how to treat
1st exposure-makes Ig E antibodies
Stick to mast cells which make allergy inducing chemicals (HISTAMINE)
2nd exposure- antigen attaches to IgE-mast cells causing them to release HISTAMINE
Treat with ADRENALINE/EPINEPHRINE
