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Bio 2 > chp 27 pp > Flashcards

chp 27 pp Flashcards

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1
Q

Reproductive organs are grouped by

A 
function
gonads
ducts 
accessory sex glands
supporting structures
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2
Q

gonads

A

testes and ovaries

  • produce gametes and secrete hormones
  • produce gametes and fluid; then discharge into duct system indicates exocrine function
  • production of hormones indicates endocrine function
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3
Q

receive, store, transport gametes

A

Ducts

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4
Q

produce gametes and secrete hormones

A

gonads

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5
Q

support gametes

A

Accessory sex glands

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6
Q

supporting structures

A

various reproductive functions

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7
Q

a system of ducts, accessory sex glands, and several supporting structures

A

testes

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8
Q

2 fibrous sacs which support and protect the testes

A

scrotum

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9
Q

muscles of the scrotum

A

cremaster muscle

dartos muscle

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10
Q

sperm production requires temp

A

3 C below body temp

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11
Q

involuntary muscle contraction does what to the testes

A

raises them

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12
Q

paired oval glands 5 cm x 2.5 cm

A

testes

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13
Q

development influenced by Y sex chromosome and by maternal hormonal levels

A

testes

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14
Q

where do the testes develop

A

in the abdomen

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15
Q

what are the testes surrounded by

A

dense connective tissue

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16
Q

also forms septa creating lobules

200-300 lobules/testicle

A

internal fibrous capsule = tunica albuginea

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17
Q

internal fibrous capsule of the testes

A

= tunica albuginea

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18
Q

what cover the testes

A

tunica vaginalis (serous membrane) from peritoneum

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19
Q

how many seminiferous tubules in each lobule

A

3

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20
Q

Each seminiferous tubule is lined with

A

spermatogenic cells in various developmental stages

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21
Q

prevents immune system response to sperm antigens in the testes

A

Blood-Testis Barrier

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22
Q

Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells

A
  • create blood-testis barrier with tight junctions
  • respond to FSH and testosterone
  • phagocytize shed excess spermatid cytoplasm
  • control sperm movement and release into the tubule lumen
  • secrete some nutrients for sperm
  • secrete some fluid for sperm transport
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23
Q

Interstitial endocrinocytes (interstitial cells of Leydig) are located

A

between tubules

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24
Q

Interstitial endocrinocytes (interstitial cells of Leydig) secrete

A

testosterone in response to LH (= ICTH)

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25
Q

Spermatogonia undergo what to give rise to spermatazoa

A

meiosis

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26
Q

during spermatogenesis where does meiosis occur

A

occurs in the seminiferous tubules

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27
Q

what do spermatogenesis produce

A

haploid spermatozoa

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28
Q

how long do sperm live

A

64-72 days in humans

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29
Q

what are spermatogonia

A

diploid stem cells

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30
Q

by what mechanism do some spermatogonia remain as viable stem cells throughout their life

A

mitosis

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31
Q

if spermatogonia don’t remain as viable stem cells what can occur

A

others undergo developmental changes to become primary spermatocytes and undergo meiosis

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32
Q

Reduction division

A

divided into three stages

1) primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid)
2) secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II to become immature spermatids (haploid)
3) Spermatids mature morphologically into spermatozoa = sperm cells

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33
Q

primary spermatocytes undergo

A

meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes (haploid)

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34
Q

secondary spermatocytes undergo

A

meiosis II to become immature spermatids (haploid)

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35
Q

Spermatids mature morphologically into

A

spermatozoa = sperm cells

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36
Q

what happens with spermatids cytoplasm

A

do not separate their cytoplasm completely

they maintain cytoplasmic bridges until released into the tubule lumen

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37
Q

what do spermatids mature to

A

spermatozoa

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38
Q

what is spermatogenesis

A

spermatids maturing to spermatoza

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39
Q

How long does Spermatogenesis

take

A

Requires 10-14 days for migration to and 3-4 days for maturation in the ductus epididymus

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40
Q

how are older sperm removed

A

gradually by phagocytes within the epididymus

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41
Q

are sperm normal or abnormal

A

Many sperms are abnormal, either morpholically, physiologically, or genetically
30% abnormal is considered “normal”

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42
Q

sperm cells are called

A

Spermatozoa

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43
Q

how many Spermatozoa mature a day

A

300 million/

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44
Q

how long do spermatoza survive following ejaculation

A

about 48 hrs following ejaculation in the female reproductive tract

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45
Q

what is it called when testosterone & DHT stimulate enlargement of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics

A

Puberty

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46
Q

what stimulates pattern development before birth (internal ducts)

A

testosterone

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47
Q

what pathway do sperm move through the ducts

A

move slowly from the lumen of seminiferous tubules  straight tubules  rete testis  epididymis

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48
Q

what help move sperm along through ducts

A

continuous sperm and testicular fluid production move sperms along

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49
Q

what does the fluid in the ducts contain

A

H2O, androgens, estrogens, K+, glutamic acid, aspartic acid

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50
Q

posterior border of testes

A

epididymis
is tightly coiled tube - head, body, tail
6 m long if uncoiled

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51
Q

epididymis is made up of what tissue

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

  • microvilli provide nutrients
  • reabsorb testicular fluid
  • phagocytize degenerating older sperm
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52
Q

ductus epididymis

is

A

site of sperm maturation (10-14 days) -  motility

may remain in storage for a month, then reabsorbed

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53
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A
  • less convoluted with a larger diameter
  • ascends, enters pelvic cavity through inguinal canal
  • loops up, over urinary bladder to end in the ampulla
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54
Q

Ductus (vas) deferens

A
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium with thick muscularis

- transports sperm from epididymis to urethra by peristalsis during ejaculation

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55
Q

Ejaculatory Ducts are formed by

A

ducts from seminal vesicle and ductus deferens

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56
Q

Ejaculatory Ducts move

A

sperm into prostatic urethra before ejaculation

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57
Q

in males terminal tract for urinary and reproductive systems

A

urethra

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58
Q

what are the three regions of the males urethra

A
  • prostatic urethra
  • membranous urethra
  • spongy (cavernous) urethra
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59
Q

where does the urethra end on a male

A

at external urethral orifice at the bulb/glans of the penis

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60
Q

Accessory sex glands on males

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

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61
Q

Accessory sex glands secrete what

A

the fluid portion of the semen

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62
Q

Seminal vesicles

A
  • base of urinary bladder

- 60% of semen volume

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63
Q

the male accessory sex glands secrete alkaline viscous fluid containing:

A
  • fructose, ascorbic acid
  • prostaglandins
  • vesiculase (coagulating enzyme) keeps semen near cervix while sperm swim into cervix via flagellar movements
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64
Q

below bladder, around urethra in males

A

prostate

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65
Q

what does the prostate secrete in males

A 
secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid with:
citrate
enzymes 
phosphatase
fibrinolysin
prostate specific antigen (PSA)
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66
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands in males

A

-beneath prostate gland at membranous urethra
-secrete:
alkaline fluid
mucus
-neutralize acidic urine

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67
Q

mixture of sperms and secretions

A

Semen

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68
Q

is sperm more acidic or alkaline

A

milky and mucoid

and alkaline to decrease acidity of vagina

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69
Q

seminalplasmin

is a

A

natural antibiotic

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70
Q

what happens to semen after ejaculation into vagina

A

coagulates

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71
Q

penis is made up of

A

root (attachment)
body (shaft)
glans penis (head)

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72
Q

root of penis is also called

A

bulb

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73
Q

3 cylindrical tissue masses surrounded by tunica albuginea

A

body of the penis

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74
Q

Each section of the penis body has

A

blood sinuses = erectile tissue

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75
Q

Arteries dilate with sexual stimulation, a parasympathetic reflex causes

A

an erection

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76
Q

what causes an erection in a male

A

Large quantities of blood enter the sinuses

  • compress superficial veins from sinuses
  • trapped blood  erection
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77
Q

what happens to a bladder sphincter during erection in a male

A

Close bladder sphincter

  • prevent urine flow
  • prevent semen backflow
78
Q

what type of reflex is ejaculation

A

sympathetic

79
Q

Paired, small (pecan-sized) oval organs in the pelvic cavity

A

ovaries

80
Q

what are the ovaries supported by

A

several complex fibrous ligaments

81
Q

what kind epithelium are ovaries

A

Germinal epithelium

82
Q

what is the connective tissue in the ovary

A

Tunica albuginea

83
Q

fibrous connective tissue

in ovaries

A

stroma

84
Q

outer dense layer with ovarian follicles containing eggs = oocytes

A

cortex

85
Q

inner loose fibrous connective tissue layer containing blood vessels

A

medulla

86
Q

ovarian follicles consist of

A
  • Primary follicles
  • Secondary follicles with antrum formation
  • Vesicular (Graafian)
87
Q

follicles with large antrums

A

-Vesicular (Graafian)

88
Q

follicles with antrum formation

A

Secondary follicles

89
Q

after ovulation what form

A 
Corpus luteum (“yellow body”)
Corpus albicans (“white body”)
90
Q

Formation of haploid ova in the ovary

A

Oogenesis

91
Q

steps of female reproduction

A

1) Reduction division - meiosis I (haploid)
2) Equatorial division - meiosis II
3) Maturation – potential for fertilization

92
Q

structure of uterine

A

(1) infundibulum with fimbriae
(2) ampulla
(3) isthmus

93
Q

Extend laterally from uterus to transport ova by peristalsis and cilia-generated current from the ovaries to the uterus

A

uterine (Fallopian) tubes = oviducts

94
Q

Uterine tube histology- 3 cell layers

A

1) internal mucosa - ciliated columnar epithelial cells and secretory cells
2) middle muscularis
inner thick circular layer of smooth muscle
outer thin longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
peristaltic contractions and cilia-generated current move secondary oocyte toward uterus
3) outer serous membrane - perimetrium

95
Q

what happens once a month for females

A

Once a month an ovarian follicle ruptures releasing a secondary oocyte (ovulation)

96
Q

Oocyte drawn into the oviduct

A

by cilia-generated current on the fimbriae and within the tube by cilia and peristalsis

97
Q

where does fertilization occur

A
  • ideally in the ampulla – upper third of oviduct

- becomes a zygote and then begins mitotic divisions

98
Q

what happens to unfertilized oocytes

A

disintegrate and are swept out

99
Q

Site of menstruation, implantation, fetal development, labor

A

uterus

100
Q

Size and shape of an inverted pear

A

uterus

101
Q

3 parts of Uterus

A

1) Fundus
2) Body with
3) Isthmus

102
Q

narrow portion that opens into vagina

A

cervix

103
Q

what does the cervix produce

A

produces cervical mucus; (20-60 mL/day)

104
Q

what does the mucus plug do

A

keep microbes out

105
Q

what does cervix, mucus do

A
  • protect spermatazoa
  • provide nutrients
  • role in capacitation
106
Q

Uterus bends

A

between its body and cervix

107
Q

Uterus joins with

A

the vagina at a right angle

108
Q

what do ligaments provide for females

A

provide stability – important especially during labor

109
Q

ligaments

A
  • broad ligaments
  • uterosacral ligaments
  • cardinal ligaments
  • round ligaments
110
Q

3 uterine layers

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

111
Q

myometrium

A

-3 layers of smooth muscle
-thickest in fundus
-thinnest in cervix
for expulsion at labor

112
Q

Perimetrium

A

= visceral peritoneum

113
Q

endometrium

A
  • highly vascular
  • surface layer
  • simple columnar epithelium
  • ciliated, secretory cells
  • uterine (endometrial) glands
114
Q

3 layers of the endometrium

A

1) stroma (lamina propria) of glandular and connective tissues
- divided into 2 layers:
2) stratum functionalis (functional layer) shed during menstruation
3) stratum basalis (basal layer) - gives rise to stratum functionalis

115
Q

female reproductive system gets its blood supply

A

from uterine arteries

  • arcuate arteries
  • radial arteries
116
Q

circular arteries around the myometrium

A

arcuate arteries

117
Q

radial arteries penetrate

A

into the myometrium with smaller branches

118
Q

what arterioles change during menstruation

A

spiral arterioles

119
Q

labor and delivery is called

A

fetal expulsion

120
Q

what help regulate labor

A

Oxytocin and prostaglandins

121
Q

what does ANS do

A

control contractions

122
Q

Tubular, fibromuscular organ with mucous membrane

A

vagina

123
Q

Between bladder, rectum

A

vagina

124
Q

vagina has several functions

A

passage for menstrual flow, childbirth

receives penis and semen

125
Q

what is the vaginal oriface called

A

hymen

126
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

Adventitia

127
Q

stretches to receive penis and for accommodating childbirth

A

Muscularis

128
Q

muscularis is made up of

A

smooth muscle - outer circular, inner longitudinal layers

129
Q
  • pudendum

- Female external genitalia

A

vulva

130
Q

anterior, adipose tissue

A

mons pubis

131
Q
  • lateral skin folds with sebaceous and sudoriferous glands

- homologous to scrotum

A

labia majora

132
Q

medial folds with sebaceous glands

A

labia minora

133
Q

clitoris

A
  • Anterior junction of labia majora
  • Small cylindrical mass of erectile tissue and nerves
  • Plays a role in sexual excitement
  • Homologous to penis; has prepuce and glans
134
Q

Vestibule

A
  • Region between labia minora
  • Mostly the vaginal orifice
  • Bulb of vestibule
135
Q

Bulb of vestibule

A
  • 2 elongated masses of tissue
  • fill with blood during sexual arousal
  • narrows vaginal orifice
  • increases pressure on penis
  • homologous to corpora spongiosum and bulb of penis
136
Q

External urethral orifice

A
  • Anterior to vaginal orifice, posterior to clitoris
  • Exterior opening of the urinary tract
  • Proximity to vagina and anus increase risk of UTI
137
Q

accessory glands on the female reproductive system

A
  • Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

- Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

138
Q

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

A
  • On either side of external urethral orifice in the vulva
  • Secrete mucus
  • Homologous to prostate gland
139
Q

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

A
  • Open in the area between hymen and labia minora
  • Mucus secretion during sexual intercourse
  • Some lesser vestibular mucous glands also present
  • Homologous to bulbourethral (Cowper’s) gland
140
Q
  • Diamond shaped area between thighs, buttocks
  • Contains external genitals, anus
  • anterior - pubic symphysis
  • posterior - coccyx
A

perineum

141
Q

Episiotomy

A

to ease labor

142
Q

mammary glands

A

Modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk

143
Q
  • exterior pigmented projection

- many closely spaced openings - lactiferous ducts

A

nipple

144
Q
  • surrounding pigmented area

- sebaceous (oil) glands

A

Areola

145
Q

mammary glands have how many lobes

A

15-120

146
Q

Mammary Gland Development

A
  • Develop at puberty due to estrogen, progesterone
  • Ducts develop, fat deposition occurs
  • Areola and nipple enlarge; become pigmented
  • Further development occurs following ovulation and corpus luteum formation in menstrual cycle or pregnancy
147
Q

mammary glands Primary function is

A

milk synthesis

148
Q

Secretion and ejection together =

A

lactation

149
Q

Primary stimulus for milk production is

A

prolactin from the anterior pituitary

150
Q

Stimuli for milk release (letdown) in response

A

suckling:

  • oxytocin from posterior pituitary
  • ANS reflexes
151
Q

how many women will have breast cancer

A

12%

3.5% will die of breast cancer

152
Q

risk factors for breast cancer

A
  • family history
  • early onset menses and late menopause
  • no child or first child after age 34
  • previous breast cancer
  • exposure to ionizing radiation (x-rays)
  • obesity, alcohol intake, cigarette smoking
153
Q

Treatment

for breast cancer

A
  • lumpectomy (removal of tumor and surrounding tissue)

- radical mastectomy (breast, pectoral muscles, axillary lymph nodes)

154
Q

Ovarian hormones target

A

uterus and breast

155
Q

Anterior Pituitary hormones target

A

ovary

156
Q

Hormones target several organs in the female reproductive system

A

Ovaries – Uterus – Breasts – CNS

157
Q

3 Phases of Reproductive cycle

A

1) Day 1-4 - menstrual phase
2) Day 5-14 - preovulatory (proliferative) phase
3) Day 15-28 - postovulatory (secretory) phase

158
Q

levels of estrogen/progesterone go down is

A

negative feedback

159
Q

uterine spiral arteries constrict and

A

creates ischemic tissue

160
Q

FSH levels rise (from day 25 of cycle) to

A

stimulate a few primordial follicles to develop into primary follicles

161
Q

All follicles release low levels of

A

estrogen

162
Q

by day four 20 follicles in the ovary

A

develop into primary and then secondary (growing) follicles

163
Q

Preovulatory Phase - lasts

A

6-13 days

164
Q

Menstrual and Preovulatory phase together are known as the

A

Follicular phase

165
Q

By day 6 of the cycle, one follicle

A

outgrows others

166
Q

dominant follicle does what

A

secretes & inhibin

167
Q

estrogen & inhibin do what

A

reduce FSH secretion and all other follicles stop growing and degenerate = atresia

168
Q

atresia

A

all other follicles stop growing and degenerate

169
Q

what happens to estrogen when one follicle outgrows the other

A

estrogen levels increase

170
Q

dominant follicle matures and is called, forming

A
  • vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle (mature follicle)

- forms a blister-like bulge on the surface of the ovary

171
Q

Preovulatory Phase

A

1) Menstrual and Preovulatory phase together are known as the Follicular phase
2) By day 6 of the cycle, one follicle outgrows others
3) Dominant follicle matures
4) Follicle continues to secrete estrogen
5) Estrogen stimulates endometrial regrowth

172
Q

Follicle continues to secrete estrogen

A

FSH is dominant early

Close to ovulation, LH becomes important

173
Q

Estrogen stimulates endometrial regrowth

A
  • stratum basalis
  • mitosis creates a new stratum functionalis
  • endometrial glands redevelop
  • arterioles coil and lengthen
174
Q

what causes a rupture of vesicular follicle

A

LH pulse causes rupture of vesicular = Graafian follicle and release of oocyte into the pelvic cavity; occurs approximately day 14

175
Q

when fimbriae becomes more active

A

cilia create currents in peritoneal fluid to carry oocyte into uterine tube

176
Q

Secondary oocyte

A
  • surrounded by follicular cells, corona radiata

- secondary oocyte in metaphase II

177
Q

what happens when estrogen causes changes in body temp

A

cervical mucus becomes less gelatinous

178
Q

Prior to ovulation

A
  • high estrogen exerts positive feedback on FSH, LH
  • sudden surge of LH causes release of oocyte
  • LH surge is measurable
179
Q

Following ovulation

A

1) follicle collapses becoming corpus hemorrhagicum
2) follicular cells then enlarge, change character, form the corpus luteum
3) follicular cells respond to LH by secreting estrogen and now progesterone

180
Q

Postovulatory Phase

A
  • Most constant in duration, lasts for 14 days, from ovulation to the next menses
  • LH stimulates corpus luteum development (luteal phase); corpus luteum secretes increased levels of estrogen and progesterone
  • Progesterone prepares endometrium to receive an embryo (if it has developed sufficiently)
181
Q

Progesterone prepares endometrium to receive an embryo (if it has developed sufficiently)

A
  • growth and coiling of endometrial glands
  • vascularization of surface endometrium
  • endometrial thickening
  • increased tissue fluid
  • secretory phase for the endometrial glands
182
Q

Postovulatory Phase

If no fertilization

A
  • estrogen and progesterone rise inhibit GnRH and LH
  • corpus luteum degenerates (no LH)  corpus albicans
  • Levels of estrogen and progesterone DROP
183
Q

What happens during the postovulatory phase when levels of estrogen and progesterone drop

A
  • stop endometrial development
  • stimulate next menstruation
  • stimulate anterior pituitary hormones to begin next cycle
184
Q

If fertilization occurs

A
  • corpus luteum maintained until the placenta takes over
  • maintained by hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
  • placenta produces estrogen, progesterone
185
Q

home pregnancy test detects

A

hCG

186
Q

stimulation causes vasodilation of capillary sinuses, compression of veins  erection

A

parasympathetic

187
Q

define male orgasm

A

sensory input including  HR,  BP,  RR, pleasurable sensations, along with ejaculation

188
Q

Female Reproductive Act

Arousal – mediated by

A

Parasympathetic Division of ANS

stimulation of breasts, genitalia, especially the clitoris, generat

189
Q

Orgasm (climax) - maximal tactile stimulation of genitalia results in orgasm, mediated by

A

Sympathetic Division (ANS)

190
Q

Sterilization

A

vasectomy in males and tubal ligation in females (tubes cut and sealed)

191
Q

Oral contraception – simulate “pregnant state”

A
  • generally higher in progesterone and lower in estrogen
  • negative feedback inhibition of FSH, LH and GnRH
  • prevents follicular development and ovulation
  • also alter cervical mucous and make endometrium less receptive to implantation
192
Q

The only method likely to prevent STD’s and reliable when used correctly

A

condoms

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