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Physiology II > Reproductive Hormones > Flashcards

Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the result of GnRh release from the hypothalamus?

A

Cause gonadotrophs to release FSH and LH

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2
Q

What happens with sustained GnRH?

A

Inhibit FSH/LH release

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3
Q

What is the half life of GnRH?

A

degraded by peptidases in about 4 min.

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4
Q

What inhibits GnRH?

A

Negative feedback from sex steroids and GnIH

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5
Q

What does LH do in females?

A

Released in a pulsitive manner and stimulates production of corpus luteum

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6
Q

What is the targets for LH?

A

Females: Theca cells
Males: Leydig cells

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7
Q

What is the main cause of ovulation?

A

Large increases in LH

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8
Q

What inhibits LH?

A

Sustained release of GnRH and negative feedback from sex steroids

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9
Q

What is the structure of LH and where is it made?

A

Alpha and beta chains and made by gonadotrophs in the pituitary

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10
Q

What does FSH do in females?

A

Stimulate the growth of Graafian follicles

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11
Q

What is the structure and where is FSH made?

A

Alpha and Beta chain made by gonadotrophs in the anterior pituitary

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12
Q

What activates FSH?

A

GnRH released in a pulsative manner and activin

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13
Q

What inhibits FSH?

A

Sustained release of GnRH and inhibin and negative feedback

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14
Q

What is the half life of FSH?

A

30-100 minutes

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15
Q

What is the targets of FSH?

A

Females: granulosa cells
Males: Sertoli cells

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16
Q

What is prolactin?

A

Protein hormone made in the anterior pituitary by lactotrophs. Similar to growth hormone

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17
Q

What does prolactin do in females?

A
  • Mammogenesis
  • Lactogenesis
  • Galactopoeisis
  • Repro and body effects
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18
Q

What does prolactin do in males?

A

Sensitize leydig cells to LH potentiating testosterone

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19
Q

What regulates prolactin?

A

Negatively regulated by dopaminergic neurons in the arcuate nucleus

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20
Q

What is oxytocin?

A

Peptide hormone made in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary

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21
Q

What does Oxytocin do in females>

A
  • Smooth muscle contraction in repro organs
  • Prostaglandin synthesis
  • CNS effects
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22
Q

What does Oxytocin in males?

A

Contraction of the epididymis and vas deferens and prostaglandin synthesis

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23
Q

What regulates oxytocin?

A

Neural sensory pathways and positive feedback loop

24
Q

What is melatonin?

A

Monoamine hormone made by pineal gland at nigh

25
Q

What is the purpose of melatonin?

A

Functions in circadian rhythm and core for seasonal breeders through the KISS system controlling GnRH and direct stimulation of pars tuberalis

26
Q

What is the effect of melatonin on KISS neurons in short day breeders?

A

Inhibits

27
Q

What is the effect of melatonin on KISS neurons in long day breeders?

A

Stimulates

28
Q

What does 17B- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase do?

A

Synthesize testosterone or estradiol from weaker androgens or estrogens

29
Q

What does Aromatase do>

A

Needed for synthesis of all estrogens

30
Q

What does 5a-reductase do?

A

Needed for synthesis of Dihydrotestosterone

31
Q

WHere is testosterone produced?

A

C19 androgen steroid made in leydig cells in testis (small amount in the adrenal glands and ovaries)

32
Q

How is testosterone made?

A

Reduced from adrostenedione by 17bHSD and controlled by LH

33
Q

What is the half life of testosterone?

A

30-40min

34
Q

What are the carrier proteins for testosterone?

A

SHBG and ABP

35
Q

What is dihydrotestosterone?

A

C19 hormone made by reducing testosterone with 5a-reductase

36
Q

What androgen is more potent?

A

DHT

37
Q

What is the half life of DHT?

A

50-60min

38
Q

Why are circulating levels of DHT low?

A

Usually made at the site of action

39
Q

What is estradiol?

A

C18 estrogen made from androtenedione with 17b-HSD and aromatase

40
Q

Where is aromatase found?

A

Males: sertoli cells
Females: Granulosa cells

41
Q

What are non repro effects of estradiol?

A
  • Bone maintenance

- Closure of epiphyseal plate (why women are usually shorter)

42
Q

What is the carrier protein for estradiol?

A

SHBG

43
Q

What is the strongest estrogen?

A

Estradiol

44
Q

What are other estrogens?

A

Estrone, estriol, and equilin

45
Q

What receptors do estrogens bind to?

A

Estrogen receptors but some differentiate to cause different effects on different tissues

46
Q

What is progesterone?

A

C21 progestin secreted by granulosa luteal cells in CL during luteal phase of estrous

47
Q

What is the effect of progesterone?

A

-pro-gestational (pause estrous cycle during pregnancy and support pregnancy)

48
Q

What receptors do progesterones bind to?

A
  • Nuclear progesterone receptors

- Membrane receptor

49
Q

How is progesterone made?

A

Is an intermediate in almost all steroid making tissues. Only secreted in absence of advanced steroid enzymes

50
Q

What is the structure of activins?

A

dimers of inhibin beta subunits

51
Q

What is the structure of inhibins?

A

dimers of alpha and beta subunit

52
Q

What receptor do inhibins/activins bind to?

A

Activin receptors

53
Q

What cells secrete activin and inhibins?

A

Males: Sertoli
Female: granulosa cells

54
Q

What regulates activin/inhibin?

A

Follistatin. Binds to activin to prevent activin binding

55
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in the male repro tract?

A
  • regulate immune response to sperm in males and females

- regulate activity of ductal system

56
Q

What is the role of prostaglandins in females?

A
  • Contractions
  • Control luteolysis
  • signaling for sperm
57
Q

What is hCG and eCG(PMSG)

A

produced by placenta in humans and horses respectively (LH receptor agonists)

Physiology II (50 decks)

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