Female repro pt2

Question 1

When are all mitotic division of female gametes complete?

Answer 1

During embryonic development. Number of oogonia have been determined and they enter prophase of meiosis 1 and become arrested

Question 2

How long does the dicyotene (arrested stage) last?

Answer 2

Until oogonia is recruite into the follicular cycle

Question 3

What surrounds dicytonene stage oogonia?

Answer 3

Primordial follicles

Question 4

What happens to follicles at the start of puberty?

Answer 4

FSH/LH tells the oogonia to enter folliculogenesis and pregranulosa cells differentiate and multiply to make primary follicle and primary oocyte which develops a glycoprotein shell (zona pellucida)

Question 5

What leads to resumption of meiosis of oocytes near ovulation?

Answer 5

Loss of granulosa gap junctions

Question 6

What happens to primary follicles?

Answer 6

Granulosa cells stimulate stromal cells to differentiate into thecal cells (interna and externa) with rich blood supply

Question 7

What happens to secondary follicles?

Answer 7

Thecal cells start to express LH receptors and start making steroids

Question 8

How do oocytes receive nourishment and communication?

Answer 8

There are gap junctions that secrete estradiol made by granulosa cells

Question 9

What marks the tertiary/ antral follicle stage?

Answer 9

Granulosa cells secrete fluid causing an antrum to develop and grows in size

Question 10

When are tertiary follicles developing?

Answer 10

During estrus under FSH/LH control

Question 11

What processes do antral follicles undergo during development?

Answer 11

• Recruitment
• Selection
• Dominance
• Atresia

Question 12

What happens during recruitment?

Answer 12

FSH signaling causes some antral follicles to activate

Question 13

What happens during selection?

Answer 13

Only a subset of follicles continue the development pathway

Question 14

What happens during dominance?

Answer 14

Eventually one or several follicles achieve dominance and start to grow rapidly in size

Question 15

What happens during atresia?

Answer 15

Follicles that don’t achieve selection or dominance undergo apoptosis and degeneration

Question 16

What hormones play a role in follicular development?

Answer 16

Recruited follicles require FSH and start to secrete inhibin which starts to limit the FSH. As the follicles go through selection they become less FSH dependent and more LH dependent this is important for dominance as only those with enough LH receptors go on

Question 17

What is required for dominance of a follicle?

Answer 17

-High levels of estradiol allow for more FSH/LH receptors and eventually positive feedback and huge LH surge
-Huge blood supply (steal it from other follicles)
-

Question 18

What happens during luteogenesis?

Answer 18

LH surge and ovulation causes changes in the follicle. The granulosa cells hypertrophy and become large lutean cells. The theca cells divide and become small lutean cells and both fill the antrum of the follicle. Lutean cells start to secrete progesterone

Question 19

What happens in the oviduct during hormonal signaling?

Answer 19

• Estradiol signaling: increase blood flow, secretion, and cilia beat frequency
• Progesterone signaling: reduced blood flow, secretion, beat frequency

Question 20

What happens to the uterus under hormone regulation?

Answer 20

• Estradiol: growth of glands and thickening of endometrium, increase tone, blood supply, and leukocytosis
• Progesterone: Increased uterine gland secretion, myometrial quiescence

Question 21

What happens in the cervix and cranial vagina?

Answer 21

• Estradiol: Increase mucous production, blood flow, edema and decreased tone
• Progesterone: Thickening of mucous, increased tone

Question 22

What happens in the caudal vagina and vulva?

Answer 22

• Estradiol: Growth of epithelium, cornification, hyperemia and edema
• Progesterone: Reduced size and differentiation of epithelium, reduced blood flow and edema

Question 23

What does exogenous FSH (eCH in some species) do?

Answer 23

Follicular recruitment and selection increased

Question 24

What does exogenous LH (hCG or GnRH) do?

Answer 24

Dominant follicles continue developing and ovulate

Question 25

What can cause super ovulation?

Answer 25

High levels of FSH/LH causes higher number of recruited and selected follicles become dominant and ovulate

Question 26

What does exogenous P4 (CIDR and Regu-mate) do?

Answer 26

Signals negative feedback to tonic center and prevents entry into the follicular phase regardless of CL

Question 27

What does exogenous PGF2a (lutalyse) do?

Answer 27

Cause luteolysis of an animal so a functioning CL can reenter estrus. Has to be given after CL is fully developed