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Physiology II > Cardiovascular System pt 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System pt 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ECG?

A

Electrocardiogram. Allows us to see the electrical activity in the heart

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2
Q

What are the events of cardiac conduction?

A
  1. SAN spontaneously depolarizes
  2. Depolarization spreads through atria and causes contraction (diastole)
  3. Blood fills the ventricles
  4. The impulse travels down to the AVN which causes depolarization
  5. The impulse travels down the bundle branches and eventually the Purkinje fibers
  6. Ventricles contract and blood is pushed out (systole)
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3
Q

What is the P on an ECG?

A

Atrial depolarization

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4
Q

What is the PR interval?

A

AV node transmission

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5
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

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6
Q

What is the T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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7
Q

What is the time of spontaneous depolarization in the SAN in the dog and cat?

A 
dog= 100bpm
cat= 120bpm
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8
Q

What is the time of spontaneous depolarization of the AV node in dogs and cats?

A

dog=40-60bpm

cat=80-120bpm

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9
Q

What is the time of spontaneous depolarization of the purkinje fibers in the dog and cat?

A

dog=20-40bpm

cat=40-80bpm

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10
Q

If a wave of depolarization is moving towards the positive lead what type of deflection is shown?

A

Positive deflection

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11
Q

Which lead is called the rhythm strip and looked at to determine the normal ECG complex?

A

Lead II

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12
Q

When recording at 50mm/sec what do you multiply the complexes by in the Bic pen to determine rate?

A

20

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13
Q

When recording at 25mm/sec what do you multiply the complexes by in the Bic pen to determine rate?

A

10

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14
Q

What is the SAN?

A

Nest of cells in the wall of the right atrium that is considered the intrinsic pacemaker of the heart. It spontaneously depolarizes to send electrical impulses through the heart in order to contract.

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15
Q

What can the slope of phase 4 depolarization show us about the depolarization event?

A

The steeper the slop, the shorter the phase 4 is meaning that the rate of the next depolarization event shortens.

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16
Q

Which pacemaker cells have the steepest phase 4 slopes?

A

SAN pacemaker cells

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17
Q

What affect does the autonomic system have on the AVN?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation can change the rate of depolarization

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18
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic innervation in the heart?

A

NE binds to beta-1 receptors, Gs proteins enhance adyenylate cyclase and cAMP is increased. PKA activity is increased, and you get an increase on the slope of phase 4 depolarization and the HR goes up.

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19
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation in the heart?

A

Acetylcholine is released and the amount of cAMP is reduced leading to lower funny and Ca2+ currents. Hr goes down

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20
Q

What are the two types of cardiovascular circuits?

A

Single (fish)

Double (mammalian)

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21
Q

What equation is used to determine oxygen uptake from the CVS?

A

Ficks equation-> Vo2= Q(cardiac output) x avO2( O2 in a - O2 in v)

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22
Q

What equation measures blood flow to tissues?

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)= Q (cardiac output) x SVR (Systemic vascular resistance)

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23
Q

Which side of the system is considered a high pressure system?

A

Arterial side

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24
Q

Which side of the system is considered the volume pump?

A

Venous side

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25
Q

Where can you measure O2 levels on the arterial side?

A

Any artery except the pulmonary artery

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26
Q

Where can you measure O2 levels on the venous side?

A

Pulmonary artery

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the Swan-Gantz catheter?

A

Inserted on the venous side with a balloon attached. Once it reaches the pulmonary artery it becomes wedged and measure the O2 content. It is also used to get info on the LV

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28
Q

Features of the left ventricle

A
  • pumps to the arterial side
  • thicker walls
  • pressure pump
29
Q

Features of the right ventricle

A
  • pumps to pulmonary circuit

- volume pump

30
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A

Pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

31
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

3 layered fibrous Ct with adipose tissue surrounding the outside

32
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Middle muscle layer of the heart that contains myocytes

33
Q

What are the types of myocytes?

A
  1. conductive cells- do not contract

2. Contractile muscle cells- contract

34
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Inner squamous cells important for pressure

35
Q

What is the funny current?

A

A slow influx of Na which determines the rate of spontaneous depolarization

36
Q

What is preload?

A

Left ventricle end of diastolic pressure ( Pressure in the left ventricle at the end of the filling period)

37
Q

What is the Frank Starling relationship?

A

This is the relationship between stroke volume and the LVEDP. As the LVEDP goes up so does the stroke volume

38
Q

What happens during exercise when preload increases?

A

You get an increase in stroke volume and maximal cross-bridge interaction between cardiomyocytes

39
Q

Where does sympathetic control of the heart come from

A

Thoracolumbar spinal nerves

40
Q

Where does parasympathetic control of the heart come from?

A

Vagus nerve

41
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on the heart?

A

This is a hormone that is released from the adrenal gland and also binds to beta-1 receptors

42
Q

How does NE/E increase heart rate?

A

Once they bind to beta 1 receptors, the receptors cause an increase in cAMP and PKA which alters and opens the funny and T type channels which causes an influx of Na and Ca and decreases the permeability of K. This increases the rate of depolarization

43
Q

How does Acetylcholine decrease heart rate?

A

This binds to muscuranic receptors which lowers the amount of cAMP and K permeability goes up while the Ca and Na permeability goes down. This slows down the rate of depolarization

44
Q

What determines stroke volume?

A

Preload, afterload, and contractility

45
Q

What is afterload?

A

Left ventricular systolic pressure (pressure in the heart while the ventricle is contracted)

46
Q

What is contractility in the heart?

A

This is the change in pressure over a certain amount of time in the left ventricle.

47
Q

What happens to myocytes as you exercise?

A

They get longer

48
Q

What can increase preload?

A
  1. Pumping action of the heart
  2. Venoconstriction
  3. increase blood volume
49
Q

What can decrease preload?

A
  1. circulatory shock
  2. decreased blood volume
  3. increased intrapericardial pressure
50
Q

What factors affect afterload?

A
  1. Cardiac output

2. Systemic vascular resistance

51
Q

What factors effect contractility?

A

An increase in B1 causes increased contractility

Muscurinic stimulation causes a decrease in contractility

52
Q

What drives flow?

A

PRESSURE

53
Q

How do beta 1 receptors change contractility?

A

Increased activity from PKA causes:
1. phosphorylation of Cal
2. Phosphorylate Ca channels on SR
3. Phosphorylation of myosin and myosin ATPase
4. Phosphorylates SR CaATPase
Frank starling relationship pushed upward
This increase in contraction means there is a bigger pressure difference over time which raises the contractility

54
Q

How does the body maintain MAP?

A

Cardiac output and SVR

55
Q

Where is vascular smooth muscle found?

A

Arteries, arterioles, veins, and venules

56
Q

What vessel is the most important in regulation of blood flow through SVR

A

Arterioles

57
Q

What controls the flow of blood into capillaries and are referred to as regulators?

A

Arterioles

58
Q

Describe the change in pressure as blood moves throughout the circulatory system.

A

Pulse pressure is highest in the left ventricle and aorta. When systolic pressure reaches a max, the aortic valve opens and the pressure is equal to that of the LV. During diastole, pressure drops drastically in the LV but this in turns shuts the aortic valve so the pressure in the aorta doesn’t drop as far. The farther the blood travels the lower the pressure and the pulsative pressure becomes constant. The biggest drop is in the capillaries. Pressure continues to drop until it gets to the right side of the heart.

59
Q

What happens to blood velocity when it gets to the capillaries?

A

Velocity slow and cross section area increases in order for nutrient exchange

60
Q

Where is the majority of blood stored?

A

Venous system 70%

61
Q

What vessel has the highest SVR?

A

Arterioles. Has a small lumen compared to the diameter

62
Q

What is the Wendy’s analogy for blood velocity?

A

Leave the bars to eat and you leave at a great velocity until you reach Wendy’s where you slow down very significantly in order to exchange your order. You then leave but not at as high of a velocity because you are too busy eating fries.

63
Q

What are the events of Hemorrhage?

A
  1. Loss of blood leads to decreased blood volume
  2. This leads to decreased MAP which is detected by baroreceptors
  3. Baroreceptors tell brain that MAP is low
  4. Get sympathetic outflow to the body
  5. NE/E stimulate B1 receptors
  6. Increases heart rate, contractility, venous return which in turn increases the SV
  7. Increase in HR and SV increases cardiac output
  8. Sympathetic innervation in arterioles stimulate alpha 1 and 2 receptors and you get vasoconstriction
  9. Increased SVR and cardiac output
64
Q

What happens if you change the diameter of a vessel?

A

There is a change in SVR and a decrease in blood flow

65
Q

Change in blood flow is a result of what?

A

Change in pressure or radius of blood vessel

66
Q

How is blood pressure regulated going into the organ system?

A

Diameter of arterioles to increase SVR

67
Q

How is total SVR found

A

Summing all the SVR’s of the different organ systems

68
Q

What is implied with a right deviated MEA?

A

RV hypertrophy or right bundle branch block

69
Q

What is implied with a left deviated MEA?

A

Intraventricular conduction disturbances

Physiology II (50 decks)

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