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Physiology II > Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

What synthesizes vasopressin and oxytocin?

A

PVN (paraventricular nucleus)

SON (supraoptic nucleus)

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2
Q

What does vasopressin do?

A

Enhance water retention of the kidney via aquaporin water channels
Direct pressor effect via constraction of the smooth muscle in vascular system

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3
Q

Whar are the parts of the vasopressin gene?

A
  • SP
  • VP
  • NPII
  • Copeptin
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4
Q

What is copeptin?

A

related to vasopressin. Vasopressin is bound to receptors on platelets (extends half life)
Can assay for vasopressin levels

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5
Q

What are the vasopressin receptor in the kidneys?

A

AVPR2

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6
Q

What is the receptors for vasopressin in vascular system?

A

AVPR1a

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7
Q

What kind of hormone is vasopressin?

A

Peptide (9 aa with disulfide bond)

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8
Q

What provides feedback regulation to the vasopressin effect?

A

Volume and pressor receptors

to see pressor effect, must mask the baroreceptors

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9
Q

How is vasopressin released?

A

Made in hypothalamic MNC, Packaged into vesicle and sent to posterior pituitary where it is stored. It is released when stimuli acts on hypothalamus and calcium influx

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10
Q

What causes the release of vasopressin?

A
  • High plasma osmolality (MNC in hypothalamus)
  • Low blood volume or pressure (IX and X)
  • increase plasma angiotensin II (SFO)
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11
Q

What hormone has a permissive effect on vasopressin?

A

Aldosterone

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12
Q

What is the ultimate result from increased vasopressin?

A

Anti-diuresis (concentrated urine)

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13
Q

What counteracts vasopressin and aldosterone?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

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14
Q

What is the action of increased vasopressin?

A 
Increase permeability to water
-aquaporin insertion
-Water flow out of tubule/duct in kidney
Increase thirst
Smooth muscle contraction
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15
Q

What happens when MNCs sense high osmolality?

A

Increase action potentials to release more vasopressin

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16
Q

What is the stimulus of the regulation of vasopressin?

A
  • Osmotic difference
  • Hypovolemia
  • blood pressure in jeopardy
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17
Q

What are the receptors involved in the regulation of Vasopressin?

A
  • NTS

- SFO

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18
Q

What are compensatory reaction from vasopressin signaling?

A

Salt and water intake

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19
Q

What is a disease that relates to loss of vasopressin?

A

Diabetes insipidus

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20
Q

What are the signs of diabetes insipidus?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, urine of low specific gravity, dehydration

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21
Q

What does pathognomic mean?

A

A sign specifically characteristic of a particular disease

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22
Q

What are some causes of diabetes insipidus?

A
  • Central DI
  • Nephrogenic DI
  • Psychosomatic polydipsea
  • Inappropriate ADH secretion
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23
Q

How can you rule out central DI?

A

Determine whether endogenous ADH can occur and if it is increased and so does concentration of urine it is not central DI

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24
Q

How can you rule out nephrogenic DI?

A

If there is a response to exogenous ADH it is not nephrogenic

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25
Q

How can you treat hypothalamic DI?

A
  • Nothing if it is getting adequate water

- Exogenous ADH

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26
Q

What could cause inappropriate ADH secretion?

A

Release ADH with no osmotic or volume stimulation. Usually from neoplastic processes

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27
Q

How can you treat nephrogenic DI?

A
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Chlorothiazide
  • Hydrochlorothiazide
  • Dietary potassium
28
Q

What does Oxytocin stimulate?

A
  • Contraction of myometrium

- Milk letdown reflex

29
Q

What is different about the regulation of oxytocin?

A

Positive or open loop regulation

30
Q

What stimulates Oxytocin release?

A

Sight, smell, sounds, or nursing of young

31
Q

What is the events of milk letdown?

A

Oxytocin causes secretory alveoli to contract-> milk flows into intralobular duct->goes into lobular duct-> gland cistern-> teat cistern-> teat canal-> milk ejected

32
Q

Describe the positive feedback loop of oxytocin?

A

Mechanical stimulation of cervix-> oxytocin release-> relaxes cervix and contracts uterus-> more oxytocin

33
Q

What are the different oxytocin effects?

A
  • Glucocorticoid receptor: reduce cortisol
  • Alpha 2 receptor: blocks norepinephrine stress effects
  • Opiodergic activity: Reward and pain free
  • 5-HT synthesis: happiness
  • Cholinergic activity: Calm and sleep
34
Q

Describe the oxytocin receptors.

A

There is only one receptor but there are different polymorphisms that can give it different functions

35
Q

What are the four main hypophysiotrophins of the anterior pituitary?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Somatostatin (GHIH)
  • Corticotropin (ACTH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
36
Q

How are anterior pituitary hormones controlled?

A

Releasing factors that are made in the hypothalamus and released at the median eminence into portal blood and then acts on the anterior pituitary

37
Q

What is the TRH?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone. Half life is 2-6 min.

38
Q

What are the effects of TRH?

A

Release of TRH into portal system and causes thyrotropes to produce TSH from the thyroid and then T3 and T4 are secreted

39
Q

Do TRH and TSH impact calcitonin

A

No

40
Q

What hormones does TRH effect?

A

GH, ADH, Prolactin, cortisol (horses)

41
Q

What is CRH?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone. 41 AA peptide. Secreted by median eminiece and PVN neurons

42
Q

What are the effects of CRH?

A

Released into portal system and stimulates the release of ACTH

43
Q

What is POMC?

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin.

44
Q

What is the N terminal of POMC?

A

Produces a strong proliferation in adrenal cortex as well as ACTH

45
Q

What is the Prohormone Convertase I?

A

Made in pars intermedia and cleaves the POMC and makes alpha MSH and ACTH

46
Q

What is GH?

A

Growth hormone. Polypeptide 191 AA. Made in somatotrophs in response to GHRH

47
Q

What are some effects of GH?

A

Production if IGFs in the liver, muscle, and bone. Lipolytic effect

48
Q

What are somatomedins?

A

IGFs that mediate GH effects. Provides feedback to shut off GH and stimulate GHIH

49
Q

What increases GH release?

A
  • Sleep
  • Hypoglycemia
  • incr Plasma aa (Arg)
  • Ghrelin (hunger stimulating peptide hormone from the stomach)
  • Exercise
50
Q

What decreases GH release?

A
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Somatomedins
  • Somatostatin
51
Q

Which hormone has the lowest species homology?

A

Growth hormone

52
Q

What is Homeorhesis

A

Shift in metabolism associated with lactation

53
Q

What is the effects of GH on bones?

A
  • Promote chondrogenesis in epiphyseal plate

- Promote production of bone matrix

54
Q

What is the metabolic effect of GH?

A
  • Promotes aa uptake (per insulin)
  • Promotes lipolysis in adipocytes
  • Improve nutrient utilization
  • Diary cows: increase milk production
55
Q

What is Pituitary Dwarfism?

A

Fairly rare. Deficiency of GH. Seen in dogs most common in German Sheperd’s. Due to a cystic Rathke’s pouch

56
Q

What are some clinical signs of young animals with pituitary dwarfism?

A
  • Proportional dwarfism
  • Delayed dentition
  • Delayed closure of growth plates
  • Haircoat abnormalities
  • Reduced exercise performance
57
Q

What is the clinical signs of adults with pituitary dwarfism?

A
  • Abnormal weight gain
  • Reduced lean mass
  • Reduced exercise performance
  • Osteopenia
58
Q

What are some diagnosis of pituitary dwarfism?

A

-Insulin growth factor
-Relaxation
-Sedation
Should see increase of GH with these

59
Q

What is acromegaly?

A

Hypersomatotropism. Excess GH post puberty. Rare in dogs

and sometimes seen in older male cats. Get growth of membranous bones

60
Q

What are some causes of acromegaly?

A
  • Pituitary adenomas

- Pituitary hyperplasia

61
Q

What are signs of acromegaly?

A
  • Weight gain
  • Lean body in animals with diabetes mellitus
  • Enlarged jaw, tongue, forehead and extremities
  • Failure to shed
62
Q

How can you diagnose acromegaly?

A

Glucose suppression test

63
Q

What does the intermediate lobe produce?

A

alpha-MSH
POMC convertase 1
POMC convertase 2

64
Q

What regulates the pars intermedia?

A

regulated by dopamine which inhibits release

65
Q

What can cause and PPID parkinson’s?

A

Dopamine insufficiency

66
Q

What is PPID?

A

Pituitary pars intermedia disfunction. Looks like Cushing’s disease but it is from a loss of dopamine

Physiology II (50 decks)

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