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Physiology II > Parathyroid > Flashcards

Parathyroid Flashcards

1
Q

In what species of animals is calcitonin and excretion of calcium most important and why?

A

Fish. They live in an environment where there is a higher amount of calcium so it was a bigger challenge for them to get rid of the calcium

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2
Q

Where is the most of calcium stored?

A

In the bone as hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

What is the role of the kidney in calcium regulation?

A

It resorbs the calcium to be reabsorbed by the body and a small amount of it is excreted out

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4
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A
  • Structural integrity

- Messenger or regulator ion

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5
Q

Abnormal Ca can lead to what?

A
  • Calcification of soft tissues
  • Osteoporosis
  • Repro disorders
  • Muscle tetany
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6
Q

Where is the parathyroid?

A

4 glands

: 2 craniolateral and 2 caudomedial

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7
Q

What are the two main cells type?

A
  • Chief cells-make PTH clear

- Oxyphil- dont know what they do

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8
Q

What type of hormone is PTH?

A

Peptide

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9
Q

What is the function of PTH?

A
  • Increase plasma Ca and decrease phosphate in ECF
  • Effect bone and kidney metabolism of Ca
  • indirect effect on GI tract
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10
Q

What is the effect of Ca on PTH?

A

Inhibits vesicle release of PTH so it can not be released

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11
Q

What is the effect of PTH on bone?

A
  • Increase osteoclastic activity
  • Resorption
  • Release Ca from bones
  • Release phosphate from bones
  • inhibit bone formation
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12
Q

What is the effect of PTH on the kidney?

A
  • Increase reabsorption of Ca and decrease reabsorption of P
  • Formation of Calcitriol (1, 25 vitamin D)
  • Excrete phosphate in the urine
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13
Q

What is PPARgamma?

A

this is a gene that is responsible for balancing bone metabolism. It inhibits osteoblast differentiation and causes them to become osteoclasts to release calcium from the bones

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14
Q

What is the most important pool of calcium?

A

50% in ECF is ionized and freely diffusible

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15
Q

What prevents precipitation of hydroxyapatite?

A

Inhibitors that stabilize more soluble salts by osteocalcin or pyrophosphate

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16
Q

Why is there such a hige buffering capacity in BLood ca?

A
  • Other calcium salts which is more soluble than hydroxyapatite
  • Rapid infusion of calcium salts
17
Q

What is the purpose of amorphous crystals of calcium?

A

During rapid loss of calcium get a rapid release of calcium to buffer through these crystals

18
Q

Do acute changes in P have profound effects on the body?

A

No not really

19
Q

What is the effect of hypocalcemia?

A
  • Excites CNS
  • Tetany
  • Affects blood clotting
20
Q

What is the effect of hypercalcemia?

A
  • Depress CNS
  • Lengthens QT interval
  • Calcium phosphate deposition
21
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

Cause more absorption of Ca in GI tract

22
Q

What do osteoclasts release when they eat bones?

A

Ca and Phosphate

23
Q

In bones what is the more diffusible form of calcium?

A

Amorphous crystals because the hydroxyapatite is less accessible and more stable

24
Q

What type of bones are first used to release more Ca?

A

Cancellous bones: it is more accessible has high surface area and a greater amount of amorphous calcium phosphate

25
Q

How can you measure osteoblast acitivity?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

26
Q

What is the most rapid response of PTH?

A

Renal reabsorption of Ca so bone metabolism wont have to be affected

27
Q

What are signs of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • Depressed mentation
  • Muscular weakness
  • Peptic ulcers
  • Lethargy
  • Renal failure
  • Increase in serum Ca
  • Affect metabolism of bones
28
Q

What is a primary cause of HPT?

A

Adenoma of chief cells

29
Q

What are signs of primary HPT?

A
  • Calcification of soft tissue
  • Loss of lamina dura of teeth
  • Mineralization of collecting tubule
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Hypophosphatemia
30
Q

What are secondary causes of HPT?

A
  • Chronic renal failure- Lose Ca to urine and less Vitamin D

- Nutritional deficiency

31
Q

What are the signs of renal HPT?

A
  • reduced Vitamin D
  • Hyperphosphatemia
  • Hypocalciuria
  • Rubber jaw disease
  • Loose teeth

Physiology II (50 decks)

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