Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lobes of the pancreas?

A
  • Right (duodenal and thinner)

- Left (stomach, thicker)

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2
Q

What was the first protein to be produced using recombinant biotechnology?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells that make pancreatic digestive enzymes

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4
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

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5
Q

Which cells produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

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6
Q

What cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

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7
Q

What cells produce somatostatin?

A

Delta cells

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8
Q

What do epsilon cells produce?

A

Ghrelin (GH releasing peptide)

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9
Q

What are PP cells?

A

Produce pancreatic polypeptide

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10
Q

What regulates the release of insulin?-

A
  • Glucose levels
  • GI hormones
  • Sympathetic input(inhibit)
  • Parasympathetic (increase)
  • Afferent taste from CN VII, IX, X
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11
Q

What is the synthesis of insulin?

A

Done in beta cells and starts as preprohormones with and A, B , cand C chain. It is then made into a prohormones and cleaved by proprotein convertase to cleave off the C terminal

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12
Q

What is the acute release of insulin?

A

Exocytosis of preformed insulin granules

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13
Q

What is the chronic phase of secretion of insulin?

A

Involves protein synthesis and insulin synthesis

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14
Q

What is the transport of insulin?

A

Water soluble so it is in the plasma and has a short half life

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15
Q

What is the main metabolic function of insulin?

A

-Increase glucose uptake through GLUT 4-Increase glycogen, triglyceride, and protein

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16
Q

What type of glucose produces a larger insulin response?

A

Oral glucose via X nerve

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17
Q

What inhibits insulin?

A

Glucagon

Catecholamines

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18
Q

What is the DMN of the vagal system?

A

Parasympathetic regulation

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19
Q

What is the sulfonylurea receptor?

A

K channel that is stimulated to close by an increase in ATP which depolarizes the cell

20
Q

What is the ATP dependent release of insulin?

A

Glucose enters the beta cells and closes sulfonylurea receptors and causes depolarization. This the triggers Cav channels to open and get vesicle fusion and exocytosis of insulin

21
Q

What is the K independent release of Insulin?

A

Glucose enters and ATP and directly causes release of insulin through exocytosis

22
Q

What is the incretin effect on insulin?

A

Hormones secreted from stomach effect insulin production

23
Q

What increases the synthesis of glucagon?

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Glucocorticoids
  • amino acids
24
Q

What decreases glucagon synthesis?

A
  • High plasma glucose (insulin)

- High plasma fatty acids

25
What family does glucagon belong to?
Secretin family
26
How is glucagon released?
G-protein coupled receptors
27
What is the effect of glucagon on beta cells?
Stimulatory effect on beta cells
28
What produces glucagon?
Alpha cells
29
The actions of glucagon uses what action?
cAMP
30
What does the parasympathetic NS do to glucagon and insulin?
- Increase glucagon (help redistribute energy stores) | - Increase insulin (Break down glucose to use)
31
What does the sympathetic NS do to glucagon and insulin?
- Increase glucagon (liberate energy store) | - Decrease insulin
32
During fast, what should the whole blood glucose be?
- 60-120mg/dl in dogs cats and horses | - Can be varied with age or species
33
What is the fasting urinary/ renal glucose threshold?
-180mg/dl dogs -300mg/dl cats Means that there is more glucose than the body can use so this is the level in the blood that you start to see glucose in the urine
34
What glycosylated plasma proteins can you use to measure glucose?
-Hemoglobin A1c -Albumin Last in the blood longer so you can get a picture of the long term status of glucose
35
What tests can you use to test islet cell function?
1. Glucose tolerance 2. 3 glucose readings before and after eating 3. Insulin RIA
36
What is diabetes mellitus?
Absolute or relative deficiency in insulin
37
What are some causes of diabetes mellitus?
1. Dogs -Canine parvovirus Acinar necrotizing pancreatitis -Beta cell exhaustion secondary to insulin resistance 2. Cats -Amyloid deposition -Beta cell exhaustion (secondary to insulin resistance) 3 Drugs
38
What are the clinical types of DM?
- nonketotic - ketoacidotic - hyperosmolar syndrome
39
What are some signs of DM?
- PD - PU - Glucose in urine - Cataracts - Weight loss in obese patients and polyphagia - Hepatomegaly - Acetone breath
40
What are some diagnosis of DM?
- Persistent fasting hyperglycemia | - Chronic hyperglycemia: HbA1c is high, glycosylated albumin
41
What does insulin complex with?
zinc in the blood
42
What are the forms of insulin?
- Hexamers formed by zinc ions - Dimers - Monomers
43
Which form of insulin is biologically active?
monomeric form
44
What is the effect of zinc on insulin?
Slows the release
45
How can we modify insulin to be faster acting?
Prevent zinc-mediated dimer or hexamer complexes
46
How could you make intermediate acting insulin?
Amorphous crystals allow for a large surface area which makes it dissociate faster than crystalline which are very slow