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Physiology II > Pancreas > Flashcards

Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lobes of the pancreas?

A
  • Right (duodenal and thinner)

- Left (stomach, thicker)

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2
Q

What was the first protein to be produced using recombinant biotechnology?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

What is the exocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Acinar cells that make pancreatic digestive enzymes

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4
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

Islets of langerhans

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5
Q

Which cells produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

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6
Q

What cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

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7
Q

What cells produce somatostatin?

A

Delta cells

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8
Q

What do epsilon cells produce?

A

Ghrelin (GH releasing peptide)

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9
Q

What are PP cells?

A

Produce pancreatic polypeptide

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10
Q

What regulates the release of insulin?-

A
  • Glucose levels
  • GI hormones
  • Sympathetic input(inhibit)
  • Parasympathetic (increase)
  • Afferent taste from CN VII, IX, X
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11
Q

What is the synthesis of insulin?

A

Done in beta cells and starts as preprohormones with and A, B , cand C chain. It is then made into a prohormones and cleaved by proprotein convertase to cleave off the C terminal

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12
Q

What is the acute release of insulin?

A

Exocytosis of preformed insulin granules

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13
Q

What is the chronic phase of secretion of insulin?

A

Involves protein synthesis and insulin synthesis

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14
Q

What is the transport of insulin?

A

Water soluble so it is in the plasma and has a short half life

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15
Q

What is the main metabolic function of insulin?

A

-Increase glucose uptake through GLUT 4-Increase glycogen, triglyceride, and protein

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16
Q

What type of glucose produces a larger insulin response?

A

Oral glucose via X nerve

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17
Q

What inhibits insulin?

A

Glucagon

Catecholamines

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18
Q

What is the DMN of the vagal system?

A

Parasympathetic regulation

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19
Q

What is the sulfonylurea receptor?

A

K channel that is stimulated to close by an increase in ATP which depolarizes the cell

20
Q

What is the ATP dependent release of insulin?

A

Glucose enters the beta cells and closes sulfonylurea receptors and causes depolarization. This the triggers Cav channels to open and get vesicle fusion and exocytosis of insulin

21
Q

What is the K independent release of Insulin?

A

Glucose enters and ATP and directly causes release of insulin through exocytosis

22
Q

What is the incretin effect on insulin?

A

Hormones secreted from stomach effect insulin production

23
Q

What increases the synthesis of glucagon?

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Glucocorticoids
  • amino acids
24
Q

What decreases glucagon synthesis?

A
  • High plasma glucose (insulin)

- High plasma fatty acids

25
Q

What family does glucagon belong to?

A

Secretin family

26
Q

How is glucagon released?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

27
Q

What is the effect of glucagon on beta cells?

A

Stimulatory effect on beta cells

28
Q

What produces glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

29
Q

The actions of glucagon uses what action?

A

cAMP

30
Q

What does the parasympathetic NS do to glucagon and insulin?

A
  • Increase glucagon (help redistribute energy stores)

- Increase insulin (Break down glucose to use)

31
Q

What does the sympathetic NS do to glucagon and insulin?

A
  • Increase glucagon (liberate energy store)

- Decrease insulin

32
Q

During fast, what should the whole blood glucose be?

A
  • 60-120mg/dl in dogs cats and horses

- Can be varied with age or species

33
Q

What is the fasting urinary/ renal glucose threshold?

A

-180mg/dl dogs
-300mg/dl cats
Means that there is more glucose than the body can use so this is the level in the blood that you start to see glucose in the urine

34
Q

What glycosylated plasma proteins can you use to measure glucose?

A

-Hemoglobin A1c
-Albumin
Last in the blood longer so you can get a picture of the long term status of glucose

35
Q

What tests can you use to test islet cell function?

A
  1. Glucose tolerance
  2. 3 glucose readings before and after eating
  3. Insulin RIA
36
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Absolute or relative deficiency in insulin

37
Q

What are some causes of diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. Dogs
    -Canine parvovirus
    Acinar necrotizing pancreatitis
    -Beta cell exhaustion secondary to insulin resistance
  2. Cats
    -Amyloid deposition
    -Beta cell exhaustion (secondary to insulin resistance)
    3 Drugs
38
Q

What are the clinical types of DM?

A
  • nonketotic
  • ketoacidotic
  • hyperosmolar syndrome
39
Q

What are some signs of DM?

A
  • PD
  • PU
  • Glucose in urine
  • Cataracts
  • Weight loss in obese patients and polyphagia
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Acetone breath
40
Q

What are some diagnosis of DM?

A
  • Persistent fasting hyperglycemia

- Chronic hyperglycemia: HbA1c is high, glycosylated albumin

41
Q

What does insulin complex with?

A

zinc in the blood

42
Q

What are the forms of insulin?

A
  • Hexamers formed by zinc ions
  • Dimers
  • Monomers
43
Q

Which form of insulin is biologically active?

A

monomeric form

44
Q

What is the effect of zinc on insulin?

A

Slows the release

45
Q

How can we modify insulin to be faster acting?

A

Prevent zinc-mediated dimer or hexamer complexes

46
Q

How could you make intermediate acting insulin?

A

Amorphous crystals allow for a large surface area which makes it dissociate faster than crystalline which are very slow

Physiology II (50 decks)

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