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Biology > Reproductive Cycle > Flashcards

Reproductive Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Male reproductive hormone

A

Testosterone produced by testes

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2
Q

Testosterone

A

Stimulates testes to produce sperm

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3
Q

Female reproductive hormone

A

Oestrogen produced by ovaries

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4
Q

Ovulation

A

Eggs maturing in the ovaries then released

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5
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

Every 28 days when an egg matures, is released
And either fertilises or leaves the body as a period

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6
Q

Day 1-7 of menstrual cycle

A

When the period happens
Unfertilised egg and uterus lining leaves the body

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7
Q

Day 8-11 of menstrual cycle

A

Lining of uterus rebuilds to become thick and spongy
Egg begins to mature

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8
Q

Day 12-15 of menstrual cycle

A

A mature egg is released from ovary (ovulation)

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9
Q

Day 16-20 of menstrual cycle

A

Egg travels through fallopian tube to the uterus
As the uterus wall builds up

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10
Q

Day 21-28

A

Egg remains in uterus and waits for a sperm so it’s fertilised

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11
Q

FSH

A

Causes an egg to mature in ovary

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12
Q

LH

A

causes matured egg to now be released in ovulation

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13
Q

Oestrogen and progesterone

A

Maintains uterus lining that develops in case of fertilised egg

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14
Q

Where is FSH released?

A

Pituitary gland

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15
Q

Journey of FSH

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Travels in blood (plasma) to ovaries where it causes egg to mature
Triggers production of ovaries to make oestrogen (release)

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16
Q

When is oestrogen produced?

A

When FSH travels to ovaries it triggers ovaries to make oestrogen

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17
Q

Oestrogen journey

A

Produced in ovaries to maintain uterus lining
Also stops pituitary gland protecting any more FSH to stop maturing of egg (inhibition)
Then triggers release of LH to release the egg (release)

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18
Q

What stops the production of FSH?

A

Oestrogen

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19
Q

LH journey

A

Produced in pituitary gland
Which travels to ovaries to begin production of progesterone

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20
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

In the ovaries

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21
Q

Progesterone journey

A

Stops release of LH so no more ovulation
Keeps lining of uterus thick for fertilised egg in case it develops
If pregnancy happens, released by placenta so no more period whilst pregnant

22
Q

What decreases progesterone levels?

A

If the woman doesn’t become pregnant

23
Q

Summary of menstrual cycle hormones

A

Level of FSH rises triggering ovaries to release oestrogen
As oestrogen level increases, it inhibits production of FSH so it falls
Oestrogen also triggers release of LH
LH triggers ovulation here so the ovary now releases progesterone to maintain uterus lining
However if fertilisation doesn’t happen, progesterone falls and period is had

24
Q

Contraception

A

Means of preventing pregnancy

25
Q

How do birth control pills work?

A

Contains hormone which prevents body producing FSH
So the egg will not mature

26
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of birth control pill

A

Adv = highly effective if taken correctly
Disadv = must be taken every day, many side effects, forgetting to take it = risk of pregnancy

27
Q

How do implants, skin patches or injections work?

A

Contains progesterone which prevents maturing and release of egg because it inhibits ovulation

28
Q

Adv or disadv of skin patches, injections or implants?

A

Adv = more convenient than daily pill as they last
Disadv = side effects

29
Q

Main disadv of birth control/ implants/ injections/ skin patches?

A

Not protected against STI

30
Q

Physical Contraception name

A

Barrier

31
Q

Barrier contraception examples

A

Condom or diaphragm

32
Q

How do barrier contraceptions work?

A

Prevent sperm reaching egg, not using hormones

33
Q

Condom advantages

A

Highly effective if used correctly
No side effects as they don’t use hormones
Protective against STIs

34
Q

Condom disadvantages

A

Can break or fall off

35
Q

Diaphragm advantages

A

No side effects
Effective

36
Q

Spermicides

A

Kill or disable cell so chance of fertilisation reduced

37
Q

IUD

A

Small T shape that is inserted into uterus to prevent embryo implanting
Releases hormones to prevent fertilisation

38
Q

IUD advantages

A

Few side effects
Highly effective

39
Q

IUD disadvantages

A

No protection against STIs

40
Q

Surgical contraception name

A

Sterilisation

41
Q

How does sterilisation work in women?

A

Prevents egg from reaching uterus

42
Q

How does sterilisation work in men?

A

Prevents speed leaving penis

43
Q

Advantages of sterilisation

A

Highly effective

44
Q

Disadvantages of sterilisation

A

Hard to reverse = must be sure of having no children
No protection against STIs

45
Q

Most fertile time during menstrual cycle

A

During ovulation
Days 8-11

46
Q

Natural contraception

A

Not having sex when woman is most fertile aka during ovulation

47
Q

Disadvantages of natural contraception

A

Difficult to tell when woman is actually ovulating
Not effective to prevent STIs

48
Q

Fertility treatments

A

Fertility drug
IVF

49
Q

Fertility drug

A

Injected with FSH and LH hormones so woman will ovulate more than usual
Thus increases fertility time

50
Q

IVF stages

A

Mother treated with FSH and LH to mature + release several eggs
Eggs are collected and sperm from father is collected
Fertilised together in a lab
Then develop into embryos inserted back into the uterus and develop normally

51
Q

IVF advantages

A

Gives a woman chance to have a baby on its own

52
Q

IVF Disadvantages

A

Can lead to multiple births
Stressful for parents
Physically tiring for the mother when egg is collected and inserted back in
Not high success rate
Not all embryos will be transferred into the mother, some destroyed and may be unethical
Expensive

Biology (55 decks)

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