Non communicable diseases

Question 1

Tumour

Answer 1

Changes in genes caused by a mutation
Causing uncontrolled growth and mitosis = tumour

Question 2

Benign tumour

Answer 2

Growth of abnormal cells in one area
Maintained in a membrane = don’t invade = stay in one place

Question 3

Malignant tumour

Answer 3

Abnormal cells that invade neighbouring tissues by moving into bloodstream = cancer
Spread to other parts

Question 4

Secondary tumours

Answer 4

Tumours that have spread to other areas of body in the blood

Question 5

Genetic risk factor for cancer

Answer 5

Breast cancer
Prostate cancer
Large intestine cancer

Question 6

Lifestyle risk factors for cancer

Answer 6

Lung cancer = smoking
Skin cancer = exposure to excessive ultraviolet light
Mouth and throat cancer = alcohol

Question 7

Environmental risk factors for cancer

Answer 7

Lung cancer = exposure to radon gas

Question 8

How can diseases interact?

Answer 8

Disease leaving a defective immune system = become infected with other disease

Can increase risk of other disease

Can leave you an allergy caused by immune system itself

Mental illness caused by physical

Question 9

Epidemiology

Answer 9

Studying someone’s life style habits to link patterns in what causes diseases
To find risk factors

Question 10

Correlation

Answer 10

A link between a lifestyle factor and risk of developing diseases

Question 11

Correlation causation theory

Answer 11

A correlation between a lifestyle factor and disease DOESN’T PROVE that it causes it
Suggests a link

Question 12

Positive correlation

Answer 12

An increase in a certain factor increases the chance of causing a disease

Question 13

Causal mechanism

Answer 13

Looking at HOW the certain factor may cause the disease

Question 14

What is required to correlate a risk factor to a disease?

Answer 14

Causal mechanism = proof that the risk factor contains something of risk
Correlation = proof an increase of a factor causing increase risk in disease

Question 15

Sampling

Answer 15

When trying to find correlation between potential risk factor and disease…
We study a group of people to test this theory

Question 16

What MUST a sample be?

Answer 16

Large enough to cover as many people possible
Random enough to represent the whole country = certain areas aren’t representative

Question 17

Risk factor for cardiovascular disease

Answer 17

Diets high in fat and low in vegetables increase cholesterol levels in blood, build up of fatty materials in arteries = CHD
High in salt = high blood pressure
Smoking

Question 18

Decrease risk of cardiovascular disease

Answer 18

Exercise regularly

Question 19

Risk factor for lung disease

Answer 19

Smoking
Smoke contains carcinogens such as tar = lung cancer
Contains dangerous chemicals = emphysema

Question 20

Smoking when pregnant

Answer 20

Harms foetus
Cause risk of miscarriage and premature birth
Born with low body mass

Question 21

Drinking alcohol when pregnant

Answer 21

Fetal alcohol syndrome = child born has learning difficulties and other mental and physical problems

Question 22

Risk of liver disease

Answer 22

Drinking alcohol:
Liver cancer
Liver cirrhosis
When filtering out alcohol liver cells die

Question 23

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 23

Body cells no longer respond to insulin to take glucose into cells
So blood sugar levels rise

Question 24

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes

Answer 24

Obesity

Question 25

Risk factors not associated with lifestyle

Answer 25

Environment eg chemicals near you such as radon

Question 26

What can risk factors do?

Answer 26

Interact
For example drinking alcohol can cause obesity increasing risk of type 2 diabetes