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Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Specialised cells

A

Have adaptations which help them carry out a specific function

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2
Q

Differentiation

A

The process in which a cell becomes specialised

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3
Q

Sperm cell job

A

Join with an egg cell in fertilisation
To combine genetic information

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4
Q

Sperm cell adaptations

A

Contain half genetic information in their nucleus
Long tail to swim to ovum
Packed with mitochondria = energy to swim
Enzymes at top of head to digest outer layer of ovum

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5
Q

Nerve cell function

A

Send electrical impulses around the body via the axon (long stick bit)

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6
Q

Nerve cell adaptations

A

Axon insulated by MYELIN to speed up transmission of nerve impulses
Has synapses for impulses to pass from one nerve to next
Dendrites to increase surface area = connect easier

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7
Q

Muscle cell jobs

A

Can contract for movement

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8
Q

Muscle cell adaptations

A

Protein fibres to change length (shorten) when contracted = decrease length of cell
Packed with mitochondria to provide energy via respiration
Form muscle tissue together

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9
Q

Root hair cells job

A

Increase surface area of the root by acting as hairs to absorb water + minerals more effectively

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10
Q

Root hair cell adaptations

A

Root hair to increase surface area
No chloroplasts because don’t photosynthesise

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11
Q

Xylem cells job

A

Found in stem as long tubes
Carry water and dissolved minerals from roots to leaves

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12
Q

Xylem cells adaptations

A

Thick walls w lignin to support the plant
Dead xylem cells because they’re sealed by lignin
Broken down end walls to from the long tube so minerals can flow easily
No internal structure (nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole) = water and minerals flow easily

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13
Q

Phloem cells job

A

Carry dissolved sugars up and down the plant

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14
Q

Phloem cells structure

A

Phloem vessel cell
Sieve plates at end walls with pores
Companion cells connected by pores

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15
Q

Phloem cells adaptations

A

Vessel cell have no nucleus only limited cytoplasm and sieve plates with pores at end so sugars move through interior
Companion cells with mitochondria to respire for energy = can move the sugars

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16
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Cells that contain genetic information enclosed in a nucleus

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17
Q

What are the common features of ALL eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Usually larger than prokaryotes

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18
Q

Eukaryotes examples

A

Animal cells + plant cells

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19
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Genetic material isn’t enclosed in a nucleus

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20
Q

How is genetic information arranged in a prokaryote?

A

A single loop of DNA
And maybe small rings called plasmids

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21
Q

What are common features of prokaryotes? (Bacteria)

A

Smaller than eukaryotes
Genetic info in a loop and plasmids (non membrane organelles)
Cell membrane and cell wall
Cytoplasm
Divide by binary fission

22
Q

Stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cell that can divide to from more stem cells
And can differentiate to form specialised cells

23
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Stem cells formed when a zygote begins to divide and form other stem cells
Haven’t differentiated yet but can to form any type of specialise cell

24
Q

Adult stem cells

A

Stem cells that are present in non embryos but limited in differentiation

25
Q

Where can adult stem cells be found?

A

Bone marrow
Eyes
Brain
Blood

26
Q

Bone marrow transplants (leukaemia)

A

Cancer of bone marrow
Use radiation to destroy existing bone marrow
Transplant bone marrow from donor
Stem cells in bone marrow divide = new bone marrow
Differentiate to from new blood cells

27
Q

Problems with bone marrow transplant

A

Donor must be compatible otherwise WBCs produced by transplanted marrow might attack patients body
Risk of viruses passing

28
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Producing an embryo with same genetic information as patient to create embryonic stem cells
That can be transferred then differentiated to replace harmed cells in the patient

29
Q

Therapeutic cloning steps

A

Egg cell from donor with no nucleus + nucleus from patient with their genetic info
= egg cell stimulated to divide
= embryo
Remove stem cells for therapeutic use

30
Q

Benefits of therapeutic use

A

With the same genetic make up of patient = no rejection from the patients immune system
Can differentiate into any cell type

31
Q

Uses of therapeutic cloning

A

Treating paralysis
Type 1 diabetes

32
Q

Clinical problems with using stem cell medication

A

Mutations observed in cultured stem cells, behave like cancer
Difficulty in storing embryonic stem cells
No guarantee it’s successful

33
Q

Ethical issues using stem cell medication

A

Embryos may become viewed as a commodity and not treated with respect
At what stage can an embryo be considered a person?

34
Q

Social issues using stem cells

A

Many studies about stem cells are by commercial clinics = not peer reviewed
Patients exploited as it’s expensive and not certain it will work

35
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of stages a cell goes through growing + dividing

36
Q

Nucleus function

A

Enclose genetic material

37
Q

Cytoplasm function

A

Where chemical reactions take place eg first stages of respiration

38
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Controls what molecules leave and enter the cell

39
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Where aerobic respiration takes place

40
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Sites of protein synthesis

41
Q

What do you need to use to see ribosomes and mitochondria?

A

Electron microscope
Because they are very small

42
Q

What type of shape do plant cells have?

A

A regular one
Can’t easily change it like animal cells

43
Q

Chloroplasts function

A

Contain chlorophyll (site of photosynthesis)

44
Q

Cell wall function

A

Made of cellulose
To strengthen the cell so if receives too much water won’t burst

45
Q

Vacuole function

A

Permanent, filled with cell sap
Helps give the plant shape

46
Q

Chromosomes

A

In pairs of 23 in a normal animal cell
So 46 in total

47
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Many genes

48
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

We have so many cells so they must be able to divide = cell cycle

49
Q

Stages of cell cycle

A

1) DNA synthesis = replicates chromosomes for 2 copies
Cell grows and copies other internal structures
2) mitosis = 1 set of chromosomes pulleys to each side of the cell. Nucleus divides
3) cytoplasm and cell membrane divide = 2 identical cells

50
Q

Mitosis functions

A

Growth and development of multicellular organisms
Repair
Asexual reproduction (unicellular organisms)

Biology (55 decks)

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