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Biology > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Arteries

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body
Carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the the lungs to become oxygenated

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2
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the heart
Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs TO the heart

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3
Q

Capillaries

A

Connects arteries to veins through organs
Allows the diffusion of oxygen and glucose into the body’s cells
Diffusion of carbon dioxide from the tissue into the capillaries

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4
Q

Adaptations of arteries

A

Small lumen to keep blood pressure high
Thick muscular walls to cope with the high pressure
Elastic fibres that stretch when there is a surge of blood and recoil in between to keep blood moving

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5
Q

Adaptations of veins

A

Valves to prevent back flow of blood, because the blood now travels slowly and under lower pressure after going through capillaries
Wide lumen that allows large volume of blood to flow
Carries blood at low pressure so less muscular and thinner walls

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6
Q

Adaptations of capillaries

A

Walls one cell thick to allow diffusion of oxygen in and carbon dioxide out (smaller diffusion distance)
Dense network create a large surface area so more diffusion occurs at the same time
Blood travels very slow so more time to diffuse

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7
Q

Plasma

A

The liquid part of the blood carrying other parts of the blood
Transports dissolved substances around the body:
Digestion products from intestine to organs
Co2 from cells to breathed out
Urea from liver to urine

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8
Q

Platelets

A

Small disk shaped blood fragments
Produced in bone marrow
Forms blood clot
Join to make a scab if you get cut

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9
Q

Red blood cells

A

Contain a protein haemoglobin that binds to oxygen = oxyhemoglobin
To transport oxygen to body cells
Has no nucleus, carries oxygen
Biconcave shape for surface area increase so oxygen diffuses in and out cell rapidly

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10
Q

White blood cells

A

Produced in bone marrow and fight against pathogens that enter the body
Contains dna to encode their instructions

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11
Q

Angina

A

Heart pains
Caused by reduced blood flow to heart in veins due to build up of fat in a blood vessel
Described as pressure in chest

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12
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Narrowed coronary arteries due to build up of plaque
Reduces flow of blood to heart muscle
Heart needs a constant flow of oxygen so this is dangerous for respiration = contraction

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13
Q

Heart attacks

A

When a coronary artery is blocked due to build up of plaque
the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is cut off.
Causes a lack of oxygen over a long period of time
That part of the heart cannot continue to contract - no oxygen for respiration that allows it to contract

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14
Q

Mechanical Pacemakers

A

A small electric device implanted in the chest to keep the heart beating at a good pace
If the natural pacemakers in the right atrium don’t function properly

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15
Q

Stents

A

A tiny tube inserted into a blocked vessel using a balloon to keep it open

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16
Q

Statins

A

Medicine that lowers cholesterol

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16
Q

What is different about a human circulatory system than a fish?

A

It is a double circulatory system
So blood under higher pressure as it goes through heart twice

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17
Q

Journey of blood around the whole body

A

The deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to lungs
Becomes oxygenated from the oxygen we breathe in (respiratory system)
Oxygenated blood returns to heart
Heart pumps this oxygenated blood to organs
Deoxygenated blood returns to heart
It repeats

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18
Q

Benefit of a double circulatory system

A

Because it passes through the heart twice, it can be pumped more = travel through the body and give us the oxygen we need quicker

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19
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

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20
Q

What chambers of the heart are at the top?

A

Right atrium and left atrium

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21
Q

What chambers of the heart are at the bottom?

A

Right ventricle and left ventricle

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22
Q

What separates the atria and ventricles?

A

Valves

23
Q

Journey of blood from the heart to the lungs

A

Vena cava delivers deoxygenated blood from body to heart
Pulmonary artery passes blood from the heart to the lungs
Blood is oxygenated
Oxygenated blood back to the heart via pulmonary vein
Aorta pumps oxygenated blood to the body

24
Q

Journey of blood inside the heart

A

Blood enters the left and right atrium via vena cava and pulmonary vein
Atria contracts and blood is forced into ventricles below
Ventricles contract and blood is forced out the heart
Same for oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

25
Q

What side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body?

A

The left side

26
Q

What side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

The right side

27
Q

What controls resting heart rate?

A

Group of cells in the right atrium called the pacemaker

28
Q

What does double circulatory system mean and what are the 2 circuits?

A

There are 2 circuits in the system that blood is pumped through:
Pulmonary (heart and lungs)
Systemic (heart and body)

29
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Unlike arteries that carry oxygenated blood to the body
It carries DEoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
STILL carries blood AWAY from the heart

30
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Unlike veins that carry DEoxygenated blood
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
STILL carries blood TO the heart

31
Q

Alveoli purpose

A

Where gas exchange in the lungs to the blood happen

32
Q

Alveoli adaptations

A

Alveoli and the capillaries are both 1 cell thick to decrease diffusion distance

33
Q

What is the wall of the heart composed of?

A

Muscle tissue for contraction

34
Q

Red blood cells adaptations

A

Biconcave shape to fit through narrow gaps
No nucleus to contain as much haemoglobin - that binds to oxygen - as possible

35
Q

Vena cava

A

Delivers deoxygenated blood from the body

36
Q

Aorta

A

Pumps oxygenated blood from heart to the body

37
Q

Why does the aorta have a thicker muscular wall than pulmonary artery?

A

Because aorta will pump blood all over the body
Unlike pulmonary artery just going to the lungs

38
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Branch out from aorta into heart muscle
Provides oxygen to muscle cells of the heart for respiration = contraction

39
Q

Cardiovascular diseases

A

Disease of heart and blood vessels

40
Q

Statins advantage

A

Proven to reduce risk of coronary heart disease

41
Q

Statins disadvantage

A

Side effects eg liver problems

42
Q

Stents advantage

A

Helps blood flow normally

43
Q

Stents disadvantage

A

Doesn’t treat underlying cause of the disease
Doesn’t prevent narrowing of over coronary arteries narrowing

44
Q

Valve problems in heart

A

Don’t fully open = blood pumps extra hard to get through = enlarged heart
Leaking = weak and tired

45
Q

How to treat faulty valves

A

Replace with mechanical valve or animal valve

46
Q

Advantage of mechanical valves

A

Last a lifetime

47
Q

Disadvantage of mechanical valves

A

Have to take anti blood clotting drugs as risk of blood clots increased

48
Q

Advantage of animal valves

A

No extra medication required

49
Q

Disadvantage of animal valves

A

Don’t last as long

50
Q

Heart failure

A

The heart can’t pump enough blood around the body

51
Q

How to treat heart failure?

A

Donated heat (+lungs)
Artificial heart

52
Q

Donated heart disadvantages

A

Not enough donors
Patient must take anti rejection drugs so immune system doesn’t reject the donated heart

53
Q

Artificial heart disadvantage

A

Increase risk of blood clotting
Short term solution = used for those waiting for donated heart

54
Q

Donated blood uses

A

Replace blood lost in injury
Extract proteins like antibodies
Extracting platelets to help people for clotting

55
Q

Donated blood disadvantages

A

Diseases can be transmitted via blood
Blood type must be the same to reduce immune system attacking the blood cells

56
Q

How do leaky valves cause fatigue?

A

Blood cannot move around the body as efficiently as there is back flow
So not enough oxygen and glucose is transported to the bodies cells
Which are required for aerobic respiration to release energy
Therefore anaerobic respiration = lactic acidosis = fatigued

Biology (55 decks)

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