Defence systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Physical barriers - Skin

A

Covers the whole body to stop pathogens from entering.
Adapted to immediately form a scab when cut

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2
Q

Eyes

A

Produced tears containing enzymes to kill off any pathogens

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3
Q

Nose

A

Internal hairs to trap pathogens
Produces mucus that traps pathogens and is removed when blowing the nose

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4
Q

Trachea/ bronchi

A

Lined with cells with cilia (tiny hairs)
Waft the pathogens away from the lungs to the stomach

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5
Q

Stomach

A

Produces hydrochloric acid that kills off micro organisms from the trachea or food

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6
Q

Antibiotics

A

Substances that kill off or stop the growth of bacteria by damaging them but not the host’s cells
Can’t be used for virus as they may damage the host cell.

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7
Q

Examples of antibiotics

A

Penicillin - formed from penicillium mould. Founded by Alexander Fleming
Amoxicillin

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8
Q

Immune systems

A

Destroys pathogens and any toxins they produce
Protects us incase the same type of pathogen invades us again in the future

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9
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Phagocyte (WBC) surrounds pathogen
Enclosed it in a cytoplasm
Secretes enzymes to destroy it
(Engulfs)

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10
Q

Antibodies

A

Proteins molecules that white blood cells produce
Extremely specific to each pathogen
They can remain in the body for a long time in case we get infected by that pathogen in the future

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11
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

WBCs produce antibodies that stick to the pathogens
This triggers the pathogens to be destroyed
Or releases antitoxins

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12
Q

Antitoxins

A

Bind to toxins produced by bacteria to stop them from spreading or damaging cells
Neutralises their toxic effects

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13
Q

How does vaccination work?

A

Vaccines contain dead or inactive pathogens
Injected into the body
White blood cells are stimulated to produce specific antibodies against it
Later, if an alive pathogen enters the blood the white blood cells can produce the correct antibodies quickly preventing infection and illness
Given that they’ve already been stimulated to make the specific antibodies

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14
Q

Antigens

A

Protein on the surface of a pathogen that WBCs detect

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15
Q

What does it mean that antibodies are specific?

A

They are only effective against a certain pathogen.
Therefore if you are infected with measles, measles specific antibodies are produced and won’t fight against other pathogens

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16
Q

How to antibodies protect us in the future?

A

The same type remain in the blood for a long time
If the same pathogen enters us the antibodies are already made to fight it

17
Q

Ways WBCs fight pathogens

A

INGESTS the pathogen (phagocytosis)
Lymphocytes produce antibodies that destroy them
Release antitoxins

18
Q

What produces antitoxins?

A

Lymphocytes
NOT ANTIBODIES

19
Q

Lymphocytes

A

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies and antitoxins

20
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Type of white blood cell that engulfs pathogens through phagocytosis

21
Q

What are antigens made of?

A

Proteins

22
Q

What are antibodies made of?

A

Proteins