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Jorge URO > Repro in reptiles and fish > Flashcards

Repro in reptiles and fish Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the male reptile repro anatomy

A

Intra-abdominal testes
R testis cranial to L testis
No accessory sex glands

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2
Q

Label the male reptile repro anatomy

A
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3
Q

Describe the phallus in reptiles

A

Hemi-penes: lizards, snakes
Penis: chelonians
Keratinised spines

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4
Q

Describe the function of hemi-penes in reptiles

A

Only use one at a time during copulation (one is retracted) in case of damage
Retracted by retractor muscles after copulation

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5
Q

What is the function of the spur in snakes reproduction?

A

help to hold on to female during copulation

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6
Q

Describe the sexual segment in squamates

A

In the distal convoluted tubules of kidney
Cells change in breeding season:
- cuboidal-> columnar
- 2-4x increase in size
Large eosinophilic granules secreted into lumen
Kidneys look larger, paler and smoother during breeding season

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7
Q

What are the theorised functions of the sexual segment in squamates?

A

separate urine/semen at copulation
Copulatory plug

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8
Q

Describe reptile ovarian anatomy

A

ovaries paired
R larger than L (L undeveloped in some species)

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9
Q

Describe the anatomy of the oviduct in reptiles

A

Empties in cloaca: genital papillae
Secretes albumin -> shell
Includes:
- ostium
- aglandular segment
- magnum (albumin added)
- shell gland
- vagina

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10
Q

What are pre-vitellogenic follicles in reptiles?

A

Follicles that have been produced but haven’t had the yolk added to them

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11
Q

What are the stages of reproduction in reptiles?

A

Oocyte development - pre-vitellogenic follicle development
Vitellogenesis - yolk production
Oocyte maturation
Ovulation
Oviposition/parturition

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12
Q

What is parthogenesis in reptiles?

A

form of reproduction in which an egg can develop into an embryo without being fertilised by a sperm
30 species of lizard

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13
Q

Describe fertilisation in reptiles

A

Occurs in cranial oviduct
Sperm is viable at body temp
Sperm stored for months, years until environment is appropriate for fertilisation

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14
Q

What are oviparous reptiles?

A

egg-laying
all chelonians
most squamates

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15
Q

What are viviparous reptiles?

A

live-bearing
20% of squamates

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16
Q

What are the types of viviparity in reptiles?

A

Lecithotrophy:
- egg in tract until hatching
- hatch at time of parturition

Matrotrophy:
- livebearing
- chorioallantoic placenta
- RARE

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17
Q

How long is gestation in viviparous species of reptiles?

A

1.5-6 months
Hard to determine as fertilisation time unknown due to sperm storage

18
Q

How long is the incubation period for oviparous reptile species?

A

incubation 1-2 months typically
Can be up to >270 days

19
Q

What are the hormonal roles involved in chelonian reproduction?

A

FSH: ovarian growth, follicular development
LH surge: ovulation
Oestrogen
Progesterone

20
Q

What are the hormones involved in squamate reproduction?

A

1 gonadotropin
FSH-like compound
No LH equivalent
Oestrogen
Progesterone

21
Q

What are the roles of oestrogen in reptiles?

A

yolk development
seasonal breeders - high in early season

22
Q

What is the role of progesterone in reptiles?

A

High during gestation (viviparous species)
High after ovulation
Ovulatory surge in chelonians (similar to birds)

23
Q

What are the breeding stimuli in reptiles?

A

Temp change
Humidity
Day length (melatonin and pineal gland)
Presence of a mate (induced ovulators)
Environment

24
Q

What is follicular stasis in reptiles, the causes and treatment?

A

Follicles produced but not ovulated
Accumulate -> inflammation -> infection -> rupture -> leakage
Causes:
- inappropriate diet/husbandry
- lack of brumation/hibernation
- lack of mating or presence of male
- stress
- illness
Treatment:
- not ill - correct husbandry
- ill - spay

25
Q

Describe sex determination in snakes

A

Genetic
Female heterogamety
Male ZZ
Female ZW

26
Q

Describe sex determination in lizards and chelonians

A

Genetic
Highly variably
Male heteromorphic (XX/XY)
Female heteromorphic (ZZ/ZW)
Homomorphic sex chromosomes

27
Q

Describe temp dependent sex determination in reptiles

A

Incubation temp determines sex
Many chelonians, some lizards
Lizards:
- high temp = male
- low temp = female
Chelonians:
- high temp = female
- low temp = male
Some chelonians and lizards:
- extreme low or high temps = female
- intermediate temp = male

28
Q

Describe lizard sexual dimorphism

A

Males often have ornamental anatomy e.g., horns, spikes

29
Q

Describe chelonian sexual dimorphism

A

Females: flat plastron, short tail
Males: concave plastron, long tail

30
Q

Describe the sexing methods of squamates

A

Manual eversion of hemipenes/popping - not recommended
Hydrostatic eversion of hemipenes - not recommended
Cloacal probing
Endocrinology - breeding season hormones
Ultrasonography - presence of eggs
Endoscopy

31
Q

Describe male fish repro anatomy

A

Paired intra-abdominal testes
Sperm carried by ductus deferens to:
- bladder
- common urinary duct
- genital pore
Fish semen = milt

32
Q

Describe female fish repro anatomy

A

Gymnovarian:
- oocytes into coelom -> oviduct remnants
Cystovarian:
- ovarian ducts (not oviducts)

33
Q

What are the stages of reproduction in female fish?

A
34
Q

Describe oviparous/egg laying fish species

A

most fish
external fertilisation

35
Q

Describe vivparous/live bearing fish species

A

Fewer offspring than egg layers
Internal fertilisation
Lecithotrophy:
- nutrition from yolk sac
- fertilised eggs stay in body of parent
Matrotrophy:
- placenta-like structure
- very rare

36
Q

Describe fish repro endocrinology

A

Pituitary gland releases GTH-I and GTH-II
GTH-I:
- FSH-like
- vitellogenesis
- gonadal development
- +ve feedback => GTH-II release
GTH-II:
- LH-like
- oocyte maturation
- ovulation
- progestins

37
Q

Describe fish sex determination

A

Genetic dependent:
- male XY
- female ZW
Temp dependent

38
Q

What environmental factors affect fish reproduction?

A

photoperiod
Temp
Presence of opposite sex
Currents/tides
Proximity to spawning area

39
Q

What affects the onset of sexual maturity in reptiles?

A

diet
can ‘push’ onset of sexual maturity with diet

40
Q

Describe the type of breeding in reptiles

A

Seasonal:
- temperate/subtropical - spring, after hibernation
- tropical - wet season

Jorge URO (105 decks)

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