Formative qs Flashcards
Which organism is a commensal in the bull but causes pregnancy loss in the cow
Campylobacter fetus
The binding of spermatozoa to the oocyte stimulates the completion of which process?
Meiosis II
what is the main endocrine factor causing regression of the PMN ducts in the developing male repro tract?
AMH - anti-mullerian hormone
What factor is responsible for the de-feminisation of the brain during foetal development
oestradiol
What factor is responsible for sex determination in mammals?
SRY gene
What factor prevents sex steroids from crossing the BBB
alpha foetoprotein
Which steriogenic cells are recruited during the formation of secondary follicles?
theca
Which cell type produces oestradiol in response to follicle stimulating hormone stimulation?
Granulosa
Oxytocin receptors are up-regulated in which cell type as part of the initiation of the luteolytic mechanism?
Luminal epithelial
describe the embryonic developmental stage in the this image?
Ootid
During spermatogenesis when are spermatids formed?
After the 2nd meiotic division, following differentiation of secondary spermatocytes
What has to occur for the ovulatory LH surge in birds?
Progesterone must be high enough during the open period
What would be the effect of administering GnRH to a cow in the immediate post-ovulatory period (day 1-2 of the cycle)?
Stimulate the emergence of the new follicular wave (through FSH) but no ovulation.
What does the pig blastocyst need to secrete in order to establish pregnancy?
Oestradiol
What is the effect of angiotensin II
elicits peripheral vascular vasoconstriction and aldosterone release
Label the parts of the renal cortex
1 - DCT
2 - fat vacuole
3 - macula densa
4 - PCT
5 - urinary space
What factor greatly increases the reaction between CO2 and water in the nephron?
carbonic anhydrase enzyme
What class of diuretics must be administered intravenously?
osmotic diuretics
Label the black arrow
Renal pelvic recess
Intra renal blood flow is protected in the face of low blood pressure by what?
A decrease in the delivery of NaCl to the macula densa leads to vasodilatation of the afferent arteriole.
Acidification of urine in the proximal tubules of the kidney is mainly due to which mechanism?
Na/H antiporter in luminal membrane
Describe the release of atrial natriuretic peptide
released from cardiac atria when ECF volume is increase
Which class of diuretic drugs inhibits the luminal renal tubular Na/K/Cl carrier?
Loop diuretics
What are the most common causes of PU/PD in cats and how do they cause it?
Renal insufficiency - secondary nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Diabetes mellitus - osmotic diuresis
Hyperthyroidism - loss of medullary hypertonicity
What are the indicators on urine dipsticks that are not reliable in animals
USG
Nitrites
Leucocytes
Urobilinogen
How can progesterone levels be used to determine the optimum time for mating in bitches?
A slight increase in progesterone occurs as a result of the pre-luteinisation of the ovulatory follicle just prior to ovulation
Explain the changes in progesterone levels in the mare during gestation
P4 conc increases first 25 days due to primary CL secretion
~d35 - endometrial cups forms and secrete equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG)
Stimulates increased P4 from primary CL and formation of secondary CL
~d140 endometrial cups regress => decreased eCG levels and decreased P4 level
local progestogens produced by placenta for rest of pregnancy
Describe the gross features of the placenta that indicate chlamydia was the most likely cause
necrotic
thickened areas between cotyledons
brownish exudate on surface
Describe the presentation, position and posture of this calf
cranial longitudinal
ventral
head normal, left forelimbs flexed caudally at carpus
What are the effects of giving PGF2a to a cow in the early luteal phase?
no effect
no PGF receptors in CL to act on
