Anatomy of urinary tract Flashcards
Describe the location of the kidneys
Retro-peritoneally
In dorsal abdomen
In ventral lumber region with limited mobility (except in cat)
R kidney more cranial (expect in pigs)
Label the kidney of cattle, pigs and primates
What are the renal columns?
Where blood vessels travel in the kidney
Describe the anatomy of the renal pelvis in dogs and cats
Medullary pyramids are fused => renal crest
Urine drains into a space => renal pelvis
Renal pelvis located in renal sinus
No calices
Describe the calices in pig, cattle and primate kidneys
Renal pyramids drain into minor calyx
2-3 minor calices drain into a major calyx
What is the shape of the equine kidneys?
L = ‘pyramidal’
R = ‘heart-shaped’
What is the shape of the porcine kidneys?
Long and flat
What is the shape of bovine kidneys
Reniculate - obvious lobules
Oval or irregular shape
Describe the components of the renal cortex
External/outer zone
Internal/inner zone (juxtamedullary)
Glomeruli and convoluted tubules
Describe the components of the renal medulla
Medullary pyramids
Loops of Henle
Collecting ducts
Outer part = base of pyramid
Inner part = renal papilla
What is a renal lobule?
Functional section of kidney
Cortex + medulla work together
Describe the anatomy of unilobar kidneys
Single renal lobe
Single pyramid
Single papilla
What species have unilobar kidneys?
Rodents and lagomorphs
Describe the anatomy of dog, cat, sheep and horse kidneys
Multilobar
Fused cortex
Fused medullae
Pyramids partially merged
Papillae merged to form renal crest
No calices
Single pelvis
Describe the anatomy of the pig, primate kidney
Multilobar
Fused cortex
Separate medullae
Pyramids
Multiple renal papillae
Multiple calices
Branched pelvis
Describe the anatomy of the cattle kidney
Multilobar
Separate cortices
Separate medullae
Multiple lobes/pyramids
Multiple renal papillae
Multiple calices
No pelvis
Lobulated surface
Describe the renal blood flow circuit
Label the internal vasculature of the kidney
Describe the internal renal portal system
Efferent glomerular arterioles receive blood from capillaries of the renal glomeruli and carry it to peritubular capillary plexus surrounding proximal and distal convoluted tubules
Describe the blood flow in juxta-medullary nephrons
Afferent arteriole enters Bowman’s capsule, efferent arteriole exits, splits and supplies:
- peritubular capillaries around PCT and DCT => drains into veins in cortex
- vasa recta around LoH => drains into arcuate veins
Label this nephron
Describe the different kidney vasculature in carnivores
Have an extra cortical venous drainage with flows through cortex to hilium and joins renal vein
Run over the cortex in cats (= subcapsular veins) - visible on cat kidneys
where are the ureters joined?
From kidneys to bladder
Describe the anatomy of the ureters
Wall made up from:
- mucous membrane
- uroepithelium
- apical cellular protection from urine
- layers: lamina propria, muscularis, adventitia
Describe how the ureter enters the bladder and why it enters like this?
Enters obliquely and runs intramurally between muscular layer and mucosa layer before opening through 2 slits on a raised ‘hillock’
When bladder is full it compresses ureter to prevent more urine from entering
What are the divisions of the bladder?
cranial pole
intermediate body
caudal neck
Describe the lining of the bladder
Urothelium
Stretchy - become elongated and flattened as bladder expands
Anti-urine junctions between cells
wrinkled and thick when empty
smooth thinner when distended
Describe the ligaments of the bladder
2 lateral ligaments insert in dorsal abdominal wall
median ligament connects bladder to pelvic floor and linea alba
Describe the emptying of the female urethra
Empties onto ventral wall of the vagina at vestibulo-vaginal junction (where vagina becomes vestibule)
Describe the anatomy of the male urethra
Describe the external renal vasculature
L and R renal arteries
Label the male urogenital vasculature and associated structures
Label the female urogenital vasculature and associated structures
what is the blood supply to the renal pelvis?
renal artery
What is the blood supply to the proximal and distal ureter
Proximal = renal artery
Distal = cranial vesicular artery and vaginal/prostatic artery
What is the blood supply to the bladder
Caudal vesicular artery
What is the blood supply to the urethra
Urethral artery
What is the lymphatic drainage of the kidney?
renal lymph nodes
What is the lymphatic drainage of the ureter?
lumber lymph nodes
What is the lymphatic drainage of the bladder?
isiosacral lymph nodes
Describe the innervation of the kidney
Sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from solar plexus via renal arteries
Describe the innervation of the bladder
Sympathetic via the hypogastric nerve from caudal mesenteric ganglion
Parasympathetic from pudendal nerve
