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First Aid > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

1
Q

mesonephros becomes

A

male genital system

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2
Q

paramesonephros becomes

A

female genital system

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3
Q

metanephros becomes

A

glomerulus through DCT

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4
Q

ureteric bud becomes

A

collecting ducts to ureter

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5
Q

MC location for fetal hydronephrosis

A

ureteropelvic junction

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6
Q

trace path of renal artery

A

RA > segmental > interlobar > arcuate > interlobular > afferent > glomerulus > efferent > vasa recta/peritubular capillaries > venous outflow

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7
Q

effective renal plasma flow is measured by clearance of

A

PAH (para-aminohippuric acid)

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8
Q

renal blood flow =

A

RPF/(1-Hct)

note: plasma fraction by volume = 1-hct

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9
Q

estimated Renal Plasma Flow (over/under) estimates true RPF

A

underestimates slightly

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10
Q

filtration fraction (FF) =

A

GFR/RPF

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11
Q

dehydration effects on GFR, RPF, and FF

A

GFR and RPF go down, but FF goes up

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12
Q

FENA =

A

Na excreted / Na filtered

= (Una * V) / (GFR * Pna)

= (Pcr * Una) / (Ucr * Pna)

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13
Q

PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption in this part of kidney

A

proximal tubule

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14
Q

AT II has this tubular effect

A

increases water, Na and bicarb reabsorption in proximal tubule (responsible contraction alkalosis)

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15
Q

paracellular transport of Mg2+ and Ca2+ into the blood occurs where

A

thick ascending loop

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16
Q

PTH increases Ca absorption in this part of the kidney

A

early distal tubule. does so by increasing Ca/Na exchange at basement membrane of cell

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17
Q

this drug blocks mineralocorticoid receptor but doesn’t block androgen receptor

A

eplerenone

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18
Q

these drugs block ENaC

A

amiloride and triamterine

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19
Q

this syndrome syndrome has effects of chronic loop diuretic use

A

Bartter sydnrome. AR. Causes hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis with increases urine calcium

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20
Q

this syndrome has the effects of chronic thiazide use

A

Gitelman syndrome. AR, less severe than Bartter. Hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis, decreases urine calcium

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21
Q

this syndrome has the effects of hyperaldosteronism

A

Liddle syndrome. AD (ENaC gain of function)

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22
Q

syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess etiology

A

deficiency in 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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23
Q

JG cells sense

A

BP. Note: these are modified smooth muscle cells of afferent arterioles

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24
Q

macula densa senses

A

NaCl. note this is part of DCT

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25
Q

effects of dopamine released by PCT

A

natriuresis. at low doses, dilates to increase RBF (without changing GFR). At high doses, vasoconstricts

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26
Q

where does conversion of 25OH D to 1,25 OH D take place?

A

proximal tubule

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27
Q

insulin effects on potassium

A

shifts into cells

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28
Q

digoxin effect on potassium

A

causes hyperkalemia

29
Q

beta agonist effect on potassium

A

shifts into cells

30
Q

ECG signs of hypokalemia

A

U waves and flattened T waves

31
Q

ECG signs of hyperkalemia

A

wide QRS and peaked T waves

32
Q

low Mg can cause hypo___

A

hypokalemia

33
Q

high Mg can cause hypo___

A

hypocalcemia

34
Q

what does MUDPILES stand for

A

methanol, uremia, DKA, propylene glycol, iron/INH, ethylene glycol, salicylates

35
Q

Diuretics that can cause normal anion gap acidosis

A

acetazolamide and spironolactone

36
Q

renal tubular acidosis with increased urine pH

A

Distal RTA (type 1) due to impaired H+ secretion

37
Q

RTA with hyperkalemia

A

Hyperkalemic RTA (type 4) due to hypoaldosteronism

38
Q

potassium blood levels in proximal RTA (type 2)

A

hypokalemic

39
Q

deposits in PSGN

A

subepithelial

40
Q

specific dz assoc with RPGN

A

goodpasture, wegener, microscopic polyangiitis

41
Q

EM finding Alport syndrome

A

basket-weave

42
Q

deposits Berger disease

A

IgA in mesangium

43
Q

deposits in type I MPGN

A

subendothelial

44
Q

deposits in type II MPGN

A

intramembranous

note: also called dense deposit disease

45
Q

association with type I MPGN

A

HBV/HCV

46
Q

association with type II MPGN

A

c3 nephritic factor

47
Q

tram-track is associated with which syndrome

A

type I MPGN

48
Q

deposit membranous nephropathy

A

subepithelial spike and dome

49
Q

associations with membranous nephropathy

A

primary is antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor. can also be drug induced, SLE, or HBV/HCV

50
Q

calcium oxalate precipitates with

A

hypocitraturia

51
Q

calcium oxalate crystal shape

A

envelope or dumbbell

52
Q

calcium phosphate precipitates with

A

basic pH

53
Q

calcium phosphate crystal shape

A

wedge-shaped prism

54
Q

treatment calcium stones

A

thiazides

55
Q

ammonium magnesium phosphate stones precipitate with

A

basic pH (urease)

56
Q

ammonium magnesium phosphate crystal shape

A

coffin lid

57
Q

uric acid stones precipitate with

A

acidic pH

58
Q

uric acid crystal shape

A

rhomboid or rosettes

59
Q

cystine stones precipitate with

A

acidic pH

60
Q

cystine crystal shape

A

hexagonal

61
Q

renal tumor from collecting ducts

A

oncocytoma - eosinohphilic cells with abundant mitochondria

62
Q

renal tumor from PCT

A

RCC

63
Q

denys-drash syndrome

A

WT1. wilms tumor, early-onset nephrotic syndrome, male pseudohermaphroditism

64
Q

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

A

WT1. wilms tumor, macroglossia, organomegaly, hemihypertrophy

65
Q

WAGR complex

A

WT1. wilms tumor, aniridia, GU malformations, retardation

66
Q

diuretic use for those with sulfa allergies

A

ethacrynic acid (loop target)

67
Q

diuretics that are bad for gout

A

thiazide and loop

68
Q

calcium excretion in loops is (increased/decreased)

A

increased. can cause hypocalcemia

69
Q

calcium excretion in thiazides is (increased/decreased)

A

decreased. good for calcium stones

First Aid (18 decks)

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