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First Aid > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

what does the bulbis cordis become

A

smooth parts (outflow tract) of both ventricles

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2
Q

what does the primitive pulmonary vein become

A

smooth part of left atrium

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3
Q

what does the left horn of the sinus venosus become

A

coronary sinus

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4
Q

what does the right horn of the sinus venosus become

A

smooth part of the right atrium (sinus venarum)

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5
Q

what do the right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein become

A

SVC

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6
Q

blood supply for SA and AV nodes

A

RCA

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7
Q

effect of aortic regurgitation on pulse pressure

A

increased

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8
Q

effect of tamponade on pulse pressure

A

decreased

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9
Q

effect of exercise on pulse pressure

A

increased

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10
Q

effect of obstructive sleep apnea on pulse pressure

A

increased (increased sympathetic tone)

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11
Q

effect of aortic stenosis on pulse pressure

A

decreased

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12
Q

MOA for catecholamines increasing contractility

A

inhibition of phosphobalamban –> more intracellular Ca++

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13
Q

MOA for beta blockade decreasing contractility

A

lowers cAMP

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14
Q

which calcium channels are for myocardium

A

nondihydropyridine

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15
Q

LaPlace’s Law

A

T = pr / 2t

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16
Q

effect of increased TPR on venous return given fixed MAP

A

decrease

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17
Q

JVP A: peak or descent? meaning?

A

peak. atrial contraction (absent in afib)

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18
Q

JVP C: peak or descent? meaning?

A

peak. RV contraction (while atrium is still contracted)

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19
Q

JVP X: peak or descent? meaning?

A

descent. atrial relaxation

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20
Q

JVP V: peak or descent? meaning?

A

peak. filling (“villing”) of right atrium against closed tricuspid

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21
Q

JVP Y: peak or descent? meaning?

A

descent. emptYing of right atrium into RV

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22
Q

fixed spliting caused by

A

ASD

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23
Q

paradoxical splitting caused by

A

something delaying aortic closure e.g. aortic stenosis, LBBB

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24
Q

effect of hand grip (increased afterload) on auscultation

A

increase MR, AR, VSD murmurs
Decreased HCM murmurs
later onset of MVP click/murmur

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25
Q

effect of valsalva or standing up (decreased preload) on auscultation

A

decreased intensity of most murmurs (including AS)
Increased intensity of HCM murmurs
Earlier onset of MVP click/murmur

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26
Q

effect of rapid squatting (decreased after load, increase preload) on auscultation

A

increased intensity of AS
decreased intensity of HCM murmur
Later onset of MVP click/murmur

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27
Q

AS murmur

A

systolic crescendo-decrescendo

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28
Q

MR/TR murmur

A

holosystolic, blowing murmurs

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29
Q

AR murmur

A

early diastolic decrescendo, blowing murmur

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30
Q

MVP murmur

A

mid-systolic click and late crescendo murmur

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31
Q

VSD murmur

A

holosystolic, harsh-sounding, loudest at tricuspid

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32
Q

MS murmur

A

diastolic opening snap and late rumbling murmur

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33
Q

PDA murmur

A

continuous machine-like murmur, loudest at S2

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34
Q

U wave present in

A

hypokalemia and bradycardia

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35
Q

causes of long QT

A

hypokalemia, low magnesium
congenital long QT syndromes
drug induced

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36
Q

Congenital long QT syndromes

A

Romano-Ward: AD, pure cardiac

Jervell and Lange-Nielson: AR, sensorineural deafness

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37
Q

Drug-induced long QT

A

anti-arrhythmic (IA, III), antibiotics (e.g. macrolides), anti-psychotics (e.g. haloperidol), anti-depressants (e.g. TCAs), anti-emetics (e.g. ondansetron)

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38
Q

Brugada syndrome ECG pattern

A

pseudo RBBB and ST elevations in V1-V3

AD, MC in Asian males. Increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia and sudden cardiac death

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39
Q

AV block 2nd degree, mobitz type I

A

lengthening PR interval

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40
Q

AV block 2nd degree, Mobitz type II

A

random dropping

41
Q

congenital defects causing early cyanosis

A

truncus arteriorsus, transposition, tricuspid atresia, tetralogy of fallot, TAPVR (total anamalous pulmonary venous return)

42
Q

4 abnormalities in tetralogy of fallot

A

VSD, overriding aorta, pulmonic stenosis, RVH

43
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome: cardiac congenital defect association

A

ASD, VSD, PDA, Fallot

44
Q

rubella: cardiac congenital defect association

A

septal defects, PDA, pulmonic stenosis

45
Q

Down: cardiac congenital defect association

A

AV septal defect, ASD, VSD

46
Q

maternal diabetes: cardiac congenital defect association

A

transposition

47
Q

prenatal lithium: cardiac congenital defect association

A

Ebstein abnormality

48
Q

Turner syndrome: cardiac congenital defect association

A

bicuspid aortic valve, coarctation of aorta

49
Q

Williams: cardiac congenital defect association

A

supravalvular aortic stenosis

50
Q

22q11 syndromes: cardiac congenital defect association

A

truncus arteriosus, Fallot

51
Q

term for eyelid xanthoma

A

xanthelasma. note corneal arcus is a corneal lipid deposit

52
Q

most likely papillary muscle to rupture

A

posteromedial

53
Q

cardiomyopathy associated with Friedreich ataxia

A

HCM

54
Q

hypovolemic shock: skin, preload, CO, afterload

A

cold/clammy, very low preload, low CO, high SVR

55
Q

cardiogenic shock: skin, preload, CO, afterload

A

cold/clammy, increased preload, very decreased CO, increased afterload

obstructive has same picture

56
Q

distributive shock

A

two forms. both have low preload and low SVR

1) septic - warm skin, low preload, high CO, very low SVR
2) neurogenic - dry skin, low preload, low CO, very low SVR

57
Q

microbes in tricuspid IV drug endocarditis

A

s aureaus, pseudomonas, candida

58
Q

culture-negative endocarditis

A

coxiella, bartonella, HACEK (haemophilus, aggregatibacter [formerly actinobacillus], cardiobacterium, eikenella, kingella)

59
Q

Beck triad (cardiac tamponade)

A

hypotension, distant heart sound, distended neck veins

60
Q

kussmaul sign

A

paradoxical increase in JVP on inspiration

Note: seen in constrictive pericarditis, RCMs, tumors

61
Q

pulsus paradoxus

A

decrease in amplitude of systolic BP by more than 10 during inspiration.

seen in tamponade, croup, severe asthma, sleep apnea, endocarditis

62
Q

anti-HTN medications to use in pregnancy

A

hydralazine, labetalol, methyldopa, nifedipine

63
Q

CCB to use for subarachnoid hemorrhages

A

nimodipine

64
Q

CCB to use for hypertensive emergency

A

clevidipine

65
Q

AE DHP CCBs

A

gingival hyperplasia and peripheral edema

66
Q

drugs to use in HTN emergency

A

clevidipine, fenoldopam (D1), labetalol, nicardipine, nitroprusside (releases CN)

67
Q

partial beta agonists that are contraindicated in angina

A

pindolol, acebutolol

68
Q

ranolazine MOA

A

inhibits late phase of sodium current to reduce diastolic wall tension. does not affect HR or contractility, but can cause long QT

69
Q

ezetimibe MOA

A

prevents cholesterol absorption

70
Q

bile resin unwanted effect

A

increases TGs

71
Q

fibrates MOA

A

upregulate LPL and induce HDL synthesis via PPAR-alpha

72
Q

AE fibrates

A

myopathy

73
Q

niacin MOA

A

inhibits hormone sensitive lipase in adipose tissue and reduces hepatic VLDL synthesis

74
Q

AE niacin

A

flushing. hyperglycemia. hyperuricemia

75
Q

Digoxin AE

A

hyperkalemia

76
Q

class I anti-arr are

A

sodium channel blockers

77
Q

name IA anti-arr

A

quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide

78
Q

use IA anti-arr

A

atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, especially ectopic SVT and VT

79
Q

use IB anti-arr

A

acute ventricular arrhythmias, especially post-MI, or digitalis-induce d arrhythmias

80
Q

name IB anti-arr

A

lidocaine, mexiletine, (phenytoin)

81
Q

name IC anti-arr

A

flecainide, propafenone

82
Q

use IC anti-arr

A

atrial fibrilation and SVTs

83
Q

class II anti-arr are

A

beta blockers

84
Q

class III anti-arr are

A

potassium channel blockers

85
Q

class IV anti-arr are

A

CCBs

86
Q

beta blocker that causes dyslipidemia

A

metoprolol

87
Q

beta blocker that can exacerbate vasospasm in prinzmetal angina

A

propranolol

88
Q

name class III anti-arr

A

amiodarone, ibutilide, dofetilide, sotalol

“AIDS”

89
Q

AE sotalol and ibutilide

A

torsades

90
Q

adenosine MOA for anti-arr

A

increases K+ efflux from cells to hyperpolarize and decreaes calcium influx

91
Q

use adenosine anti-arr

A

diagnosing/terminating certain forms of SVT

92
Q

use Mg2+ anti-arr

A

effective in torsades and digoxin toxicity

93
Q

uworld: class IA predominant actions

A

slows AP conduction velocity, prolongs APD

94
Q

uworld: class IB predominant actions

A

no effect on AP conduction velocity, shortens APD

95
Q

uworld: class IC predominant actions

A

slow AP conduction velocity, minimal effect on APD

96
Q

uworld: class II predominant actions

A

slows sinus node discharge rate, slows AV node conduction and prolongs refractoriness

97
Q

uworld: class III predominant actions

A

no effect on AP conduction velocity, prolongs APD

98
Q

uworld: class IV predominant actions

A

slows sinus node discharge rate, slows AV nodal conduction and prolongs refractoriness

99
Q

which anti-arrhythmic drugs prolong APD

A

classes IA and III

First Aid (18 decks)

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