Random facts Flashcards
1
Q
X-ray effects on fetus
A
Microcephaly, intelletual disability
2
Q
Scoliosis + high or flat arches
A
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (loss of structural proteins for myelin sheath or peripheral nerve function)
Freidrich ataxia (no frataxin = mitochondrial iron storage protein)
3
Q
Increases level of 6-MP and azathioprine
A
Allopurinol (inhibits XO)
3
Q
Action of teres minor
A
Adduction and lateral rotation of arm
3
Q
Mitral regurgitation, multiple hamartomas, renal angiomyolipoma, seizures, mental retardation, increased incidence of subependymal astrocytomas, ungal fibromas
A
Tuberous sclerosis
(+ cardiac rhabdomyomas, Shagreen patches, Ash-leaf spots)
4
Q
Activating mutation of GNAQ gene
A
Sturge Weber
5
Q
Flat, well-circumscribed lesion < 1 cm
A
Macule
6
Q
Remnant of gubernaculum
A
Males - anchors testes in scrotum
Females - round ligament and ovarian ligament
7
Q
Failure of genital tubercle to position properly
A
Epispadias
8
Q
Increased thickness of stratum corneum with retention of nuclei
A
Parakeratosis
(psoriasis)
8
Q
A
Pityriasis with herald patch and Christmas tree distribution
8
Q
Pain to anterior 2/3 of tongue
A
V3
8
Q
Which 3 areas of the brain have no BBB?
A
- Area postrema - vomiting
- OVLT - osmoregulation
- Neurohypophysis - ADH release/osmoregulation
8
Q
Sequence
A
Abnormalities result from a single primary embryological event (ex. Potter sequence)
9
Q
Glabrous (hairless) skin info
A
Meissner corpuscle
10
Q
Pain on external rotation of knee
A
Medial meniscus
10
Q
What (besides HIV) increases the risk of developing PML?
A
Natalizumab (alpha-4 integrin used for AI d/o’s)
(PML = JC virus reactivation)
10
Q
Early-onset glaucoma
A
Sturge-Weber
11
Q
Pain on internal rotation of knee
A
Lateral meniscus injury
11
Q
Meissner corpuscle function
A
Dynamic, fine touch, position sense for glabrous (hairless) skin
11
Q
Down and out eye with mydriasis
A
PCOM aneurysm
11
Q
Congenital cause of Fanconi syndrome
A
Wilson disease
12
Q
Defective osteoclasts
A
Osteopetrosis (CA deficiency)
13
Q
3rd arch
A
Stylopharyngeus, CN IX
14
Osteoma of facial bones
Gardner syndrome
15
Vesicle containing pus
Pustule
16
5-FU rescue
Uridine
17
Keratoacanthoma - rapidly evolving SCC that may spontaneously involute
(Cup-shaped lesion filled with necrotic keratin debris)
18
Locked-in syndrome
**Basilar artery stroke** or central pontine myelinolysis
19
Perimysial inflammation
Dermatomyositis
19
Pityriasis
(all this crap will self-resolve within 6-8 weeks)
19
Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
Oxytocin
20
Destruction of this nucleus causes obesity
Ventromedial
21
Gottron patches
Dermatomyositis
22
Neurofibromin
Mutated TSG in NF1 = negative regulator of Ras
23
Cafe au lait spots, Lisch nodules, pheochromocytomas, neurofibromas in skin, optic gliomas
NF1
24
Separation of epidermal cells
Acantholysis
24
Where is ADH made?
Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
25
Basal nucleus of Meynert
ACh synthesis
26
Broken down by XO
6-MP, azathioprine
27
Lateral rotation of arm
Infraspinatus (suprascapular N)
Teres minor (axillary N)
27
Loss of sensation over dorsal and palmar aspects of lateral 3 1/2 fingers
Median nerve (C5-T1)
27
Origin of upper 1/3 of vagina? Lower 2/3?
Upper 1/3 = paramesonephric ducts
Lower 2/3 = urogenital sinus
28
Two free nerve endings
C and A-delta fibers
28
Renal tubular defect that causes HTN + too much Na+
Liddle syndrome
(Overactive Na+ transport in collecting duct)
29
Keratoacanthoma
Rapidly progressive SCC of skin that may spontaneously regress within months
30
Actions of supraspinatus
Abducts arm initially before deltoid
31
Loss of eversion and dorsiflexion
Common peroneal (L4-S2)
33
Avascular necrosis risk after fracture
Scaphoid
33
Loss of sensation on sole of foot
Tibial nerve (L4-S3)
34
Schiller Duval body - yolk sac tumor
(look like glomeruli)
35
Optic glioma
NF1
36
Lichen planus is associated with:
HCV!!
37
Amifostine
Free radical scavenger that prevents nephrotoxicity with cisplatin
37
Where is GABA synthesized?
Nucleus accumbens
39
McMurray test
Medial/lateral meniscus injuries
Pain on external injury = medical meniscus
Pain on internal injury = lateral meniscus
40
Supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
ADH
41
Ungal fibroma - tuberous sclerosis
42
Treatment of CNS tumors
Nitrosureas
(carmustine, lomustine, semustine, streptozocin)
42
Dried exudate
Crust
42
Pigmented iris
NF1 (Lisch nodules)
43
Prognosis of pityriasis rosea
Self-limited, 6-8 weeks
44
Inhibits thymidylate synthase
5-FU
45
Action of infraspinatus
Laterally rotates arm
45
Port-wine stain of Sturge-Weber
47
Inhibits ribonucleotide reductase
Hydroxyurea
48
Space constant
Distance at which 37% of graded potential has disappeared
(Increased by myelination)
49
Slow pain/temp fibers
C fibers
(unmyelinated)
49
Ipsilateral tongue paralysis
Specific for **Anterior spinal artery stroke**
(CN XII + lateral corticospinal tract + medial lemniscus)
49
Treacher Collins syndrome
Failure of 1st branchial arch to develop
(mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities)
50
Used to ablate BM before transplant
Busulfan
(can cause hyperpigmentation and pulmonary fibrosis if used in actual patient)
51
Autoantibodies associated with dermatomyositis and polymyositis
Anti-Jo1, anti-SNP, anti-Mi-2
52
Risk with scaphoid fracture
Avascular necrosis
53
4 stages of Paget disease
1. Lytic = osteoclasts
2. Mixed = osteoclasts + osteoblasts
3. Sclerotic = osteoblasts
4. Quiescent = minimal activity
54
Large, myelinated, quickly adapting sensory corpuscles
Meissner corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
55
Pitching injury
Infraspinatus (suprascapular N)
(Can't laterally rotate or adduct as well)
56
Loss of interossei/abduction and adduction of fingers
Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
56
Elevated solid lesion \> 1 cm
Plaque
56
Effect of myelin on conduction
Increases space constant and velocity
56
Ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma (=epilepsy) + intellectual disability + espiscleral hemangioma
Sturge-Weber
57
Decreased thigh flexion and leg extension
Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
58
List the deep nuclei of the cerebellum from lateral to medial
Dentate, emboliform, globose, fastigial
| (don't eat greasy food)
59
In utero exposure increasing risk for ADHD
Nicotine/CO
61
Posterior hip dislocation
Superior gluteal nerve (L4-S1) and/or inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
61
Destruction of this nucleus causes anorexia
Lateral
62
Trauma to politeal fossa - which nerve and artery?
Tibial nerve and popliteal artery
62
Shagreen patches
Tuberous sclerosis
62
Cardiac rhabdomyoma
Tuberour sclerosis - blocks valves
64
Use for nitrosureas
CNS tumors
(carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin, semustine)
65
MRI on the right?
| (left is normal)
Dandy Walker
(No vermis + cystic dilation of 4th ventricle)
65
Basal epidermal layer + hair follicle info
Merkel disc
67
SERM for breast CA? Osteoporosis?
BCA - Tamoxifen
Osteoporosis - Raloxifene
68
Endomysial inflammation
Polymyositis
70
3 diseases predisposing to osteosarcoma
Paget disease
Retinoblastoma
Li-Fraumeni
72
Risk with hook of hamate fracture
Ulnar nerve injury
73
Erythema multiforme
(Target lesions - most commonly HSV, also mycoplasma, sulfas, beta-lactams, phenytoin, cancers, and autoimmune diseases)
73
Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing
**PCA stroke** (wipes out occipital cortex)
73
Extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion
Vitamin A
75
Dexrazoxne
Chelates iron to prevent cardiomyopathy with doxorubicin
76
Facial nucleus lesion
Specific to **AICA stroke** = paralysis of face, no taste on anterior 2/3 of tongue (but can still feel it = V3), no lacrimation from submandibular/sublingual glands, no corneal reflex
78
Loss of sensation of dosrum of foot
Common peroneal nerve (L4-S2)
79
Varus stress
LCL injury
80
Childhood tumors
Dactinomycin
(Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor)
80
Congenital activation of epithelial Na+ channel
Liddle syndrome
81
Risk with lunate dislocation
CTS
82
Loss of sensation over dorsal hand
Radial nerve (C5-T1)
84
Decreased adduction of thigh
Obtruator (L2-L4)
85
Failure of 1st branchial arch to develop
Treacher Collins
86
Appendages in wrong location
Homeobox mutations
87
Tamoxifen vs raloxifene
Tamoxifen = agonist in endometrium and bone, antagnoist in breast
Raloxifene = antagonist in endometrium, agonist in bone, no action on breast
88
Palpate which landmark for pudendal nerve block during labor?
Ischial spine
88
Hard time getting up from seat
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
88
Leptin inhibits which nucleus of the hypothalamus?
Lateral, which stimulates hunger
90
Snuff box
Scaphoid
90
Ophthalmological abnormalities in neonate
Mom used warfarin
(This is why we use HEPARIN in pregnancy = doesn't cross placenta; warfarin also associated with bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, and abortion)
91
Ulnar nerve injury with fracture
Hook of hamate
92
Diaphyseal tumor
Ewing's sarcoma
94
Loss of forearm flexion
MC (C5-C6)
95
Garnder syndrome
FAP + osteomas + fibromatosis of retroperitoneum
96
Cause of dermatitis herpetiformis
IgA deposition at papillae
97
Defect in ability of alpha intercalated cells to secrete H+
RTA type I (pH \> 5,5)
99
Carpal tunnel syndrome with dislocation
Lunate
100
Loss of sensation over medial 1 1/2 fingers
Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
100
Defect in ability to proximal tubule cells to secrete HCO3-
RTA type II (pH \< 5.5)
101
Placental ALP
Seminoma
(vs. LDH and hCG in dysgerminoma)
102
Muscles of facial expression
2nd arch, CN VII
103
Connexons
Components of gap junctions that permit electrical and chemical signaling between cells
104
Hyperkalemic RTA
Type IV (hypoaldosteronsim)
105
Salt and pepper skull
Hyperparathyroidsm
106
Stylopharyngeus muscle
3rd arch, CN IX
107
Arylsulfatase A deficiency
Metachromatic leukodystrophy = ataxia + dementia
108
CNS hamartomas
Tuberous sclerosis
(+ skin hamartomas)
110
Epiderminal accumulation of fluid in the intercellular spaces
Spongiosis
(eczema)
111
Leptin stimulates which nucleus of hypothalamus?
Ventromedial
112
Ebstein anomaly
Mother uses lithium during pregnancy; atrialized right ventricle
113
Fibular neck fracture
Common peroneal (L4-S2)
114
Adherens junctions
Below tight junctions; connect cytoskeleton of adjacent cells via cadherins
115
Cavernous hemangiomas in skin + hemangioma in cerebellum, retina, brainstem
VHL
116
Fractured surgical neck of humerus or anterior dislocation of humerus
Axillary nerve +/- posterior circumflex artery injury
(no abduction \> 15 degrees, loss sensation over deltoid and lateral arm)
117
Medial epicondyle of humerus fracture
Ulnar nerve (C8-T1)
(Radial deviation with wrist flexion, loss of abduction and adduction of fingers, loss of sensation over medial 1 1/2 fingers)
119
Increased hat size
Paget disease
120
Inability to curl toes
Tibial nerve (L4-S3)
121
Crutches
Radial nerve compression (wrist drop)
122
Anterior nucleus of hypothalamus
Cooling, parasympathetic
123
Sublimation vs. reaction formation
Sublimation - mature - replacing unwanted desire with a similar course of action that doesn't conflict with values
Reaction formation - immature - replacing unwanted desire with its opposite
124
Large, fluid-filled blister \> 1 cm
Bulla
126
Increased thickness of stratum corneum
Hyperkeratosis
128
Lichen planus
(sawtooth infiltration of lymphocytes at dermal-epidermal junction)
129
MC rotator cuff injury
Supraspinatus
(Trouble abducting below 15 degrees)
130
Sonic hedgehog mutations
Holoprosencephaly
131
Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus
Heating, sympathetic
133
Bullous pemphigoid
(IgG against hemidesmosomes)
134
Rescue with uridine
5-FU
135
Most common testicular tumor in older males
Lymphoma (metastasis)
137
Toxicity with allopurinol
6-MP, azathioprine = metabolized by XO
(purine analogs that inhibit de novo purine synthesis)
139
Artery involved in avascular necrosis of femoral head
Medial circumflex around femoral head
140
How might a pinealoma manifest?
Paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze due to compression of superior colliculi below pineal gland
(Parinaud syndrome)
142
BRAF mutation
Melanoma
(if metastatic, use vemuRAFinib)
143
Infectious cause of a lower nerve palsy?
Polio can cause superior gluteal nerve paralysis --\> Trendelenburg gait
145
Difficulty climbing stairs
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
147
Trauma to lateral thorax - which artery and nerve?
Long thoracic nerve, lateral thoracic artery
147
Tumor within medullary cavity
Chondrosarcoma
148
Superficial laceration of palm
Recurrent branch of median nerve
(NO SENSORY LOSS + ape hand = loss of opposition, flexion, and abduction of thumb)
150
Loss of sensation over lateral forearm
MC (C5-C6)
152
Trauma to cubital fossa - which nerve and artery?
Median nerve + brachial artery
153
Ash-leaf spot
Tuberous sclerosis
155
Epidermal hyperplasia (increased stratum spinosum)
Acanthosis
155
Fast pain/temp fibers
A-delta fibers
(myelinated)
156
Small, fluid-filled blister \< 1 cm
Vesicle
158
Pacinian corpuscle function
Vibration and pressure from deep skin layers, tendons, and joints
159
Axillary nerve (rotator cuff)
Teres minor
160
4 mature defense mechanisms
1. Altruism
2. Sublimation
3. Suppression
4. Humor
162
Suprascapular nerve
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus
163
Muscles of mastication
1st arch - CNV2,V3
164
Elevated solid lesion \< 1 cm
Papule
165
Epiphyseal tumor
Giant cell tumor (soap bubble)
166
Treatment of osteopetrosis
BM transplant - osteoclasts derived from monocytes
166
Placental abruption
Cocaine
167
Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus
Satiety, stimulated by leptin
167
Defective breakdown of VLCFA's
Adrenoleukodystrophy
(Buildup of VLCFA in adrenals, testes, and nervous system)
169
Unmineralized osteoid around trabeculae
Vitamin D deficiency
170
Transient smooth papule or plaque
Wheal
171
Chloride diuresis
Prevents nephrotoxicity with cisplatin as the drug requires a low Cl- enviornment to become active
173
Loss of inversion and plantarflexion
Tibial nerve (L4-S3)
174
Wickham striae
(Oral manifestation of lichen planus)
175
Fracture to medial malleolus - which nerve and artery?
Tibial nerve and posterior tibial artery
177
Desomosome function
Structural support via keratin interactions
179
Merkel disc function
Static pressure (edges, shapes), position sense for basal epidermal layer and hair follicles
180
Impaired ammoniagenesis due to hyperkalemia
RTA IV
(Due to hypoaldosteronism or K+ sparing diuretics = less buffering ability so decreased H+ excretion = acidosis)
181
Abnormalities result from a single embryological event
Sequence
182
Failure of urogential folds to fuse
Hypospadias
184
Prevent cardiomyopathy with doxorubicin
Dexrazoxane (iron chelating agent)
185
Flat, well-circumscribed lesion \>1 cm
Patch
186
Maternal diabetes defects
Macrocephaly
Transposition of great vessels
Caudal regression
Neural tube defects
(Give insulin for gestational diabetes!)
188
Use for busulfan
Ablate BM before transplant
190
Cooling, parasympathetic
Anterior nucleus of hypothalamus
(Anterior = A/C)
191
Low birth weight
Nicotine/CO
192
Supracondylar fracture of humerus
Median nerve (C5-T1)
193
Ostetitis fibrosa cystica
Hyperparathyroidsim --\> "Brown tumors" due to fibrous replacement of bone + subperiosteal thinning
194
Aneurysm that can create visual field problems
ACom **aneurysm**
195
HOX mutation
Limbs in wrong place
196
Isolated increase in alk phos
Paget disease
197
Most commonly used GC's in chemo? MOA?
Prednisone, prednisolone
Trigger apoptosis of lymphocytes (so good for CLL, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma)
198
Natalizumab
Increases risk for PML
199
PV vs BP:
Nikolsky sign +
PV
(Nitolsky sign = separation of epidermis when you stroke skin)
200
Action of subscapularis
Medial rotation of arm and adduction
201
Bone pain resolves with ASA
Osteoid osteoma (osteoblast proliferation)
202
Hypoaldosteronism
Type IV RTA (pH \< 5.5)
204
Hunger mediated by:
Lateral nucleus of hypothalamus
206
Scoliosis + high arched foot + stumbling + loss of DTRs + nystagmus + hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Freidrich ataxia
(No frataxin = mitochondrial iron storage protein)
207
Heating, sympathetic
Posterior nucleus of hypothalamus
208
2 uses for trastuzumab
HER2/neu+ breast cancer
Gastric cancer
(causes cardiotoxicity!)
209
Besides a retinoblastoma, what other tumor do patients with Rb mutation get?
Osteosarcoma
209
Resorptive damage to 2nd and 3rd phalanges
Hyperparathyroidism
210
No galactocerebrosidase
Krabbe disease
(Destruction of myelin = optic atrophy, developmental delay, peripheral neuropathy)
211
Bilateral renal cell carcinoma
VHL
212
Angiofibromas of tuberous slerosis
213
Tendon, deep skin layers, and joint info
Pacinian corpuscle
214
AFP tumor marker
Yolk sac tumor
216
Lateral nucleus of hypothalamus
Hunger, inhibited by leptin
217
Metaphyseal tumor
Osteochondroma
Osteosarcoma
219
Patient drops right hip when standing on left leg. What nerve is injured?
LEFT superior gluteal
(Lesion is contralateral to side of dropped hip)
220
K+ sparing diuretics can cause which type of RTA?
IV
(Remember type IV causes hyperkalemia and is due to defective ammonia production)
222
Neurofibromas in skin
NF1
223
Scoliosis + high arched or flat foot + sensory defects + motor defects
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
(Defective proteins for peripheral nerve function or myelin production)
224
Paget disease predisposes to:
High-out CF
Osteosarcoma
225
PV vs. BP:
Oral mucosa
PV
227
Bone-in-bone appearance on X ray
Osteopetrosis
228
Remnant of 2nd-4th branchial clefts
Branchial cleft cyst in lateral neck
230
Mutation associated with holoprosencephaly
Sonic hedgehog
231
Adduction of arm
Teres minor (axillary N)
Subscapularis (subscapular N)
232
Laryngeal muscles
6th arch, recurrent branch of X
(except cricothyroid)
233
Prevention of nephrotoxicity with cisplatin
Amifostine (free radical scavenger) and chloride diuresis (cisplatin has to be activated in low Cl- enviornments)
234
Inhibits topo I
Irinotecan, topotecan
235
Function of integrins
Maintain integrity of basolateral cell membrane by binding collagen and laminin in basement membrane
236
hCG, LDH tumor markers
Dysgerminoma
(vs. placental ALP in seminoma)
237
Where is oxytocin made?
Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
238
What's contained in the blisters of bullous pemphigoid?
Eosinophils
239
Loss of ____ promotes metastasis
E-cadherin (adherens junctions)
240
Call-Exner bodies (pseudo-follicles) or granulosa cell tumor
241
Loss of supination
MC (C5-C6)
242
Loss of hip extension
Inferior gluteal nerve (L5-S2)
243
Use for dactinomycin
Childhood tumors
(Wilms tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma)
244
Galant reflex
Stroke along spine when baby face down and spine laterally flexes toward stimulation
245
Moro reflex
Extend and abduct limbs when startled, followed by drawing limbs in
246
Loss of abduction, opposition, and flexion of thumb with no sensory loss
Recurrent branch of median nerve
246
BCC
(Pallisading nuclei!)
247
Pemphigus vulgaris
(IgG against desmoglein in stratum spinosum)
248
Inhibits topo II
Etopside, teniposide
250
Caudal regression syndrome
Uncontrolled maternal diabetes
Absent sacral and sometimes lumbar plexi = flaccid paralysis of lower limbs
(Think baby with diabetic neuropathy)
251
2 uses for imatinib
CML, c-kit GIST
252
Sporadic neurocutaneous disorder
Sturge-Weber
253
Muscles of palate and pharynx + cricothyroid from larynx
4th pharyngeal arch, CN X
254
Aplasia cutis congenita
Methimazole
255
Function of hemidesomosomes
Connect keratins in basal cells to basement membrane
256
Nucleus ambiguus lesions
Specific to **PICA stroke** = dysarthria + hoarseness (CN IX and X)
257
Decreased sensation of medial thigh
Obtruator
258
Valgus stress
MCL injury
259
Flaking off of corneum stratum
Scale
260
Developmental delay + peripheral neuropathy + optic atrophy
Krabbe disease
(No galactocerebrosidse = myelin damage)
261
Mab for ITP
Rituximab
(inhibits CD20+ = no B cell activity)
262
Large, myelinated, slowly adapting sensory corpuscle
Merkel disc
263
Herald patch followed by Christmas tree distribution
Pityriasis rosea
