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Gross Anatomy > Radiography lecture III > Flashcards

Radiography lecture III Flashcards

1
Q

At what point of expiration should an abdominal radiograph be taken? Why?

A

Maximum expiration

Minimizes noise from respiration

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2
Q

What portion of the abdomen is visualized on an abdominal radiograph?

A

Diaphragm to coxofemoral joint

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3
Q

What are the standard views for abdominal radiographs?

A

Right lateral

ventrodorsal

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4
Q

Why would a left lateral view be used during an abdomenal radiograph?

A

Highlight different structures (pylorus)

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5
Q

What is the purpose of compression views?

A

Reduce superimposition

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6
Q

What is the benefit of a horizontal view?

A

Highlights free gas

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7
Q

What is serousal detail?

A

Visualizing serousal margins of abdominal organs

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8
Q

What causes the contrast of structures in the abdomen?

A

peritoneal fat

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9
Q

What might cause poor serousal detail?

A

Emaciation
Young animal (brown fat)
Fluid in peritoneal space
Excessive scatter of ray due to large dog

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10
Q

Why does brown fat cause less serousal detail?

A

Higher water content

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11
Q

Are nipples easily seen on a radiograph?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Is the prepuce seen on a radiograph?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Why can only the thoracic surface of the diaphragm be seen?

A

Border effacement with liver

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14
Q

Which part of the liver is easiest to see in dogs? Cats?

A

Most caudoventral lobe

Left lateral in dogs
Right lateral in cats

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15
Q

What is the gastric axis?

A

Line from the fundus to the caudal part of stomach

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16
Q

What is the gastric axis used to measure?

A

Liver size

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17
Q

Where is the gastric axis seen in a lateral view in healthy animals?

A

Parallel to intercostal spaces

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18
Q

What is may be seen in the gastric axis of healthy deep chested dogs in lateral radiographs?

A

Perpendicular to vertebrae

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19
Q

What is a sign of enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)?

A

Gastric axis moves caudal to ribs

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20
Q

What is a sign of atrophied liver (microhepatia)?

A

Gastric axis is perpendicular to vertebrae

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of splenic enlargement seen on radiographs?

A

Focal, Diffuse

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22
Q

Is the healthy pancreas seen on a radiograph?

A

No

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23
Q

If look for a pancreas on a dog, what anatomic landmark would you look for?

A

Right limb association with descending duodenum

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24
Q

If looking for a pancreas on a cat, what anatomic landmark would you look for?

A

Left limb following greater curvature

25
Q

What retroperitoneal structures are visible?

A

Lumbar muscles

Kidneys

26
Q

Are retroperitoneal blood vessels visible on radiographs?

A

Sometimes

27
Q

What retroperitoneal structures are not normally seen?

A

Uterers, adrenal glands, lymph nodes and vessels

28
Q

Where is the location of kidneys in cats (vertebrae)?

A

L1-L5

29
Q

Where is the location of kidneys in dogs (vertebrae)?

A

T13-L3

30
Q

How big are healthy kidneys in the dog?

A

2.5 - 3.5x length of L2

31
Q

How big are healthy kidneys in the cat?

A

2 - 3x length of L2

32
Q

Is it possible to visualize ureters?

A

Only with contrast

33
Q

Why is it difficult to see the bladder in a VD view?

A

Superimposition of spine and colon

34
Q

What would be a visible sign of adrenal gland enlargement?

A

Caudal & lateral displacement of adjacent kidney

35
Q

Is the uterus seen in an abdominal radiograph?

A

Not normally

36
Q

When can a gravid uterus be see on radiograph?

A

25-30 days

37
Q

When are embryos mineralized enough to be seen on radiograph in dogs? cats?

A

cats: 35-39 days
dogs: 42-45 days

38
Q

Is the prostate visible in dogs? Cats?

A

Sometimes in dogs

Never in cats or neutered dogs

39
Q

What is a sign of an enlarged prostate?

A

Normally visible triangle of fat between bladder and ventral body wall is obscured

40
Q

Positive or negative contrast can be used to visualize the GI tract. What is positive contrast? Negative?

A

Barium

Gas

41
Q

What is the difference between visualizing cat and dog stomachs?

A

Cats remain in left cranial quadrant

Dog stomach span left to right body wall

42
Q

What organs does the stomach lie between?

A

Caudal to liver

Cranial to head of spleen

43
Q

What % of the visible small intestine is gas content in a fasted dog?

A

30-60%

44
Q

What % of the visible small intestine is gas content in a fasted cat?

A

Very little to none

45
Q

What size should small intestines be in the cat?

A

No greater than 2x body height of L4 in lateral view (12mm)

46
Q

What size should the small intestines be in the dog?

A

1.6x the body height of L5 on lateral view

47
Q

Where are the small intestines seen in obese cats?

A

Bunched ventrally to the right

48
Q

is the cecum visible in a dog radiograph? If so, what shape is it? Cat?

A

Yes, C-shaped

No

49
Q

What is the cecum a landmark for?

A

Cecocolic junction

50
Q

What is the ascending colon a landmark for?

A

Ileocolic junction

51
Q

What is usually seen in the cecum of the dog?

A

Gas

52
Q

How large should the diameter of the large intestine be in dogs? Cats?

A

Less than/= to length of L7

1.3x length of L5

53
Q

Are healthy lymph nodes seen on radiographs?

A

No

54
Q

Where are the abdominal lymph nodes?

A

Medial iliac
Internal iliac
Mesenteric

55
Q

Where are medial iliac lymph nodes present?

A

L6/L7 to sacrum

Dorsal to descending colon

56
Q

What is the most prominent mesenteric lymph node?

A

Cranial mesenteric

57
Q

Where is the cranial mesenteric lymph node located?

A

Central abdomen

58
Q

What is a sign of enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes?

A

Intestines displaced in all directions

59
Q

What is a sign of an enlarged medial iliac lymph node?

A

Ventrally displaced descending colon

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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