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Gross Anatomy > Radiography 2 > Flashcards

Radiography 2 Flashcards

1
Q

At what point of repsiration should a radiograph be taken? Why?

A

Maximum inspiration
During lateral caudodorsal lung reaches T12

During DV/VD Cupula of diaphragm reaches T8-T10

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2
Q

How are lateral radiographic views named?

A

Based on which side is recumbent

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3
Q

How are dorsoventral & ventrodorsal views named?

A

The point of entry to the point of exit of the beam

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4
Q

What is the minimal number of radiographic views?

A

2 orthogonal views are required

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5
Q

Describe characteristics of right lateral views

A

Cardiac silhouette is egg shaped
Diaphragmatic crura are parallel
Right crus of diaphragm is more cranial

Better for visualizing left lung lobes

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6
Q

Describe characteristics of left lateral views

A

Cardiac silhouette is round
Diaphragmatic crura diverge
Left crus is more cranial

Better for visualizing right lung lobes

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7
Q

Why is the opposing lateral better for visualizing a lung lobe?

A

Dependent (down) lung is compressed (atelectasis) and non-dependent (up) lung is more aerated

Better aeration makes better contrast

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8
Q

Describe characteristics of the dorsoventral view

A

Cardiac silhouette is round
Diaphragm has one dome (cupula)

Better view to see caudal lobar vessels

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9
Q

Describe characteristics of ventrodorsal view

A

Heart flops & looks elongated

Diaphragm has 2 - 3 lobes (cupula & crura)

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10
Q

What is the standard protocol for positioning during radiographs?

A

Head on left during lateral views

Left side on the right during VD/DV views

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11
Q

How to interpret film

A

Review extrathoracic structures first
- Soft tissues, bones, abdomen

Review thoracic wall
Diaphragm
Pleural space
Mediastinum
- Trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, cranial vena cava
Heart and vessels
- cardiac silhouette, lobar/pulmonary vessels
Lungs
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12
Q

Name the extrathoracic structures to review first

A

Cervical/thoracic soft tissues
Vertebral bodies
Ribs
Sternum

Long bones of thoracic limbs
Shoulders/Scapulae
Elbows

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the diaphragm should be checked on radiographs?

A

Cupula, three thin muscular portions, three openings (aortic, esophageal, caudal vena cava)

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14
Q

What are interlobar fissures?

A

Very faint, thin lines that signals areas where lung lobes are in contact with each other

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15
Q

What may signify pleural fluid in pleural space?

A

More prevalent interlobar fissures

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16
Q

Describe the boundaries of the mediastinum

A

Midline of the thorax
Thoracic inlet to diaphragm

Communicates with fascial planes of neck cranially
Communicates with retroperitoneal space caudally

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17
Q

What structures are visible in the cranial medastinum?

A

Trachea
Esophagus
Major vessels)
Thymus

18
Q

What structures are visible in the middle mediastinum?

A

Cardiac silhouette
Aortic arch
Esophagus
Terminal trachea

19
Q

What structure is most visible in cranial mediastinum?

A

Trachea, thymus in young animals

20
Q

What structure is most visible in middle mediastinum

A

Cardiac silhouette
Aortic arch
Tracheal bifurcation

21
Q

What structures are present in the caudal mediastinum?

A

Caudal vena cava
Descending aorta
Esophagus

22
Q

What structures are the most visible in the caudal mediastinum?

A

Descending aorta
Caudal vena cava

Esophagus is occasionally seen

23
Q

Where is the mediastinal reflection seen?

A

Craniolateral and caudal portion of thorax

24
Q

Are lymph nodes visible in radiograph/

A

Not in healthy animals but may be visible in diseased animals

25
Q

What does the thoracic radiograph look like in a dog with intermediate chest projection? (Lab, Goldie)

A 
Lateral projection:
Base of heart is angled craniodorsally
Heart takes up 3 intercostal spaces
Heart is 2/3 the height of dorsoventral thorax
Trachea deviates from spine

Ventrodorsal projection: More elongated and apex flops to left

26
Q

What does the thoracic radiograph look like in a dog with deep chest projection? (Doberman, collie)

A 
Lateral projection:
Upright orientation of heart (perpendicular to spine)
Heart is 2/3 DV height of thorax
Heart takes up 2.5 intercostal spaces
Trachea deviates from spine

Ventrodorsal:
Circular/ovoid (very circular in DV) heart with apex slightly to the left

27
Q

What does the thoracic radiograph look like in a dog with barrel chest projection? (english bulldog)

A 
Lateral projection:
Short, round heart
2/3 or greater DV height
3 to 3.5 intercostal spaces
Increased sternal contact
Little tracheal deviation

Ventrodorsal projection:
Short distance from thoracic inlet to cupula
Apex of heart shifted left

28
Q

What does the thoracic radiograph look like in a cat?

A 
Lateral projection: 
Oval shaped heart
2 to 2.5 intercostal spaces
2/3 DV height
Trachea deviates from spine

Ventrodorsal projection:
Apex leans slightly left of the midline

29
Q

What are age related changes in the feline heart?

A

Cardiac silhouette becomes more horizontal

Aortic arch becomes prominent and can become tortuous

30
Q

What can be seen on the cranial border of the heart in a lateral projection?

A 
Top to bottom:
Ascending aortic arch
Right auricle
Main pulmonary artery
Right ventricle
31
Q

What can be see on the caudal border of the heart in a lateral projection?

A

Left atrium

Left ventricle

32
Q

What cardiac structure is located between 12:00 and 2:00 on a lateral projection?

A

Left atrium

33
Q

What cardiac structure is located between 2:00 - 5:00 on a lateral projection?

A

Left ventricle

34
Q

What cardiac structure is located between 5:00 - 9:00 on a lateral projection?

A

Right ventricle

35
Q

What cardiac structure is located between 9:00 - 11:00 on a lateral projection?

A

Main pulmonary artery
Right auricle
Aortic arch

36
Q

Define the cardiac structure in a VD/DV view using the clockface analogy

A

11: 00 - 1:00: Aortic arch
1: 00 - 2:00: Main pulmonary artery
2: 00 - 3:00: Left Auricle
3: 00 - 5:00: Left ventricle
5: 00 - 9:00: Right ventricle
9: 00 - 11:00: Right atrium

37
Q

Is it possible to see the left atrium in a DV/VD view?

A

No, it is located between the mainstem bronchi and superimposed with the left ventricle

38
Q

Use the clock analogy to describe the feline heart radiograph

A

2:00 - 3:00: Left atrium, left auricle

39
Q

Where are the pulmonary arteries, bronchi, and veins positioned on a lateral radiograph (compared to 4th rib)?

A

Arteries (up & away) are positioned most dorsally
Bronchi are located below arteries and above veins
Veins are located ventrally (ventral & central)

40
Q

Where are pulmonary arteries, bronchi and veins located on a DV/VD radiograph (compared to 9th rib)?

A

Arteries are most cranial (up & away)
Bronchi are located beneath arteries
Veins are located caudally (ventral & central)

41
Q

Is it possible to see any of the left lung on a left lateral?

A

Yes, the cranial portion of the cranial lobe sticks out past the cranial right lobe a bit

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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