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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2 materials - joints > Flashcards

Lecture 2 materials - joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is an articulation?

A

Junction of 2 or more bones or cartilages

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2
Q

What are the 3 joint types?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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3
Q

What joints have the most freedom of movement?

A

Synovial

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4
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A

Little to no movement. Skeletal components are united by fibrous connective tissue

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5
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of fibrous joints?

A

Sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

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6
Q

Where is a suture joint found?

A

Joint between the flat bones of the skull

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7
Q

Why are sutures important in young animals?

A

Allow deformation of skull during partuition

Allow growth of the skull

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8
Q

Where is a gomphosis joint found?

A

Dental implantations (between roots of teeth and alveoli)

Formed by the periodontal ligament

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9
Q

Where is a syndesmosis joint found?

A

All other fibrous joints except face bones (suture) and teeth (gomphosis).

Example: fibrous tissue between metacarpal bones

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10
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A

Permits limited movement such as compression or stretching

Skeletal components are united by cartilage

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11
Q

Name the 2 subtypes of cartilage

A

Hyaline cartlage, fibrocartilaginous joints

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12
Q

What is a hyaline cartilage joint?

A

Hyaline cartilage unites connective tissue

Many hyaline joints disappear with age (ossification).

Example: physes of growing bones ossify, costochondral junctions remain throughout life

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13
Q

Describe fibrocartilaginous joints

A

Unites connective tissue

Example: Pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis, intervertebral discs

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14
Q

Describe synovial joints

A

Free moveable

Skeletal components are separated by synovial fluid at joints

The capillary film allows the synovial joint to slide

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15
Q

What are the 2 subtypes of synovial joints?

A

Simple joints (two skeletal components), compound joints (more than 2 skeletal components)

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16
Q

What are the basic features of a synovial joint?

A

Joint cavity, joint capsule (outer fibrous layer and inner synovial membrane), synovial fluid, articular cartilage

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17
Q

Does the bones of the synovial joint touch?

A

No, the articular cartilage on each bone touches except for the thin layer of synovial fluid

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18
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline cartilage appears ‘glassy’ and covers the articular surfaces of bones

Hyaline cartilage does not appear on radiographs, and does not have blood or nerve supply

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19
Q

Describe the fibrous layer of the joint capsule

A

Composed mainly of white fibrous tissue with yellow elastic fibers

Blends with the periosteum ner the articular cartilage

Thin and loose in mobile joints, and thick in less mobile joints

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20
Q

What does the fibrous layer of the synovial joint capsule form on less mobile joints?

A

Discrete ligaments

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21
Q

Describe ligaments

A

A band or cord of connective tissue that unites two or more bones or cartilage

Also acts as membranous connections between visceral structures

22
Q

Describe tendons

A

A band or cord of connective tissue that unites muscle with bone

23
Q

What is the function of ligaments?

A

Stabilize and unite skeletal components

Extracapsular ligaments are outside the fibrous portion of the joint capsule

Intracapsular are located inside the fibrous part of the joint capsule (genual joint)

24
Q

Describe collateral ligaments

A

Extracapsular, derived from thickened fibrous portion of the joint capsule.

Found in most appendicular synovial joints.

Generally present medially and laterally to stabilize but allow cranial/caudal movement

25
Q

Describe the synovial membrane

A

Produces synovial fluid

Vascularized and innervated

Lines the inner surface of the fibrous joint capsule

26
Q

Does the synovial membrane cover the articular cartilage?

A

No, synovial membrane is not present on articular cartlage or wheree fibrocartilaginous plates contact each other

27
Q

What does the synovial membrane do in response to aggravation?

A

Overproduction of synovial fluid which can result in joint distension

28
Q

What is the primary source of pain in joint disease?

A

The rich innervation of the synovial membrane

29
Q

What are the primary functions of synovial fluid?

A

Lubricate contact surfaces of synovial joints, nourishment, removal of waste

30
Q

Describe fibrocartilaginous plates

A

Fibrocartilaginous structures located between articular surfaces

These help stabilize, distribute synovial fluid and improve shock absorption

31
Q

What is an example of a fibrocartilaginous plate?

A

Fibrocartilaginous plates are located in temporomandibular joints as (2) articular discs

2 menisci are found in each genual (knee) joint

32
Q

What are the joints of the thoracic limb?

A

Humeral joint (shoulder), cubital joint (elbow), carpal joint complex, digital joints

33
Q

Describe the humeral joint

A

Capable of movement in any direction but functions primarily as flexion/extension

Does not have collateral ligaments but is stabilized by the supra- & infra-spinatus muscles laterally, and subscapularis and coracobrachialis muscles medially

34
Q

Describe the cubital joint

A

Compound joint

Formed by humeral condyle, head of the radius and trochlear notch of the ulna.

Very little lateral movement due to collateral ligaments

35
Q

Name the joints of the carpal joint complex

A

Antebrachiocarpal joint, middle carpal joint, carpometacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal/distal interphalangeal joint

36
Q

Where does the majority of movement occur in the carpal joint complex?

A

antebrachiocarpal joint

37
Q

What are the joints of the pelvic limb?

A

Coxal (hip), Genual (knee), Tarsal joint complex, digital joints

38
Q

Describe the coxal joint

A

Great range of movement due to ball-and-socket construction

No lateral collateral ligaments

Liagment of the head of the femur anchors the femoral head to the acetabulum and is intracapsular

39
Q

Where does the ligament of the femoral head attach to the femur?

A

Fovea capitis femoris

40
Q

Describe the genual joint

A

This is an instable joint due to bones not fitting together properly.

2 menisci in each knee stabilized at the distal end of the femur

41
Q

How many ligaments are in the genual joint?

A

10 ligaments

8 intracapsular
2 extracapsular

42
Q

Name the meniscal ligaments

A

Cranial tibial ligament of medial meniscus, caudal tibial ligament of the medial meniscus, cranial tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus, caudal tibial ligament of the lateral meniscus, transverse ligament, meniscofemoral ligament

43
Q

Name the femorotibial ligaments and location

A

Medial collateral ligament (extracapsular), lateral collateral ligament (extracapsular), cranial cruciate ligament (intracapsular), caudal cruciate ligament (intracapsular)

44
Q

What is cranial drawer?

A

When one of the cruciate ligaments is damaged, the tibia can move more easily

45
Q

Which genual ligament is the most commonly damaged?

A

Cranial cruciate ligament

46
Q

Name the joints of the tarsal complex

A

Tarsocrural joint, Talocalcaneocentral joint, talocalcaneal joint, calcaneoquartal joint, centrodistal joint, tarsometatarsal joint

47
Q

Describe the atlantoocciptal joint

A

Synovial. Between C1 and the occipital bone, nods head yes

48
Q

Describe the atlantoaxial joint

A

Synovial. Between C1 and C2, rotation of head, shake head no

49
Q

What type of joint is an intervertebral disc?

A

Fibrocartilaginous

50
Q

What are the 2 parts to the intervertebral disc?

A

Anulus fibrosus (outer), nucleus pulposus (inner)

51
Q

How many times does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?

A

3 until T11, then only 2

Tranverse process and cranial/caudal costal fovea

Rib articulations are synovial

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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