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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 5 materials - Myology > Flashcards

Lecture 5 materials - Myology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of muscles?

A

Movement of the body, movement of substances inside the body, glycogen sotrage

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2
Q

Is it true or false that only muscles are the only tissue with the ability to contract

A

True

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3
Q

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth, cardiac, striated

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4
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Visceral, unstriated, involuntary muscle

Specialized for slow and steady contractions

Muscle cells are spindle-shaped, mono-nucleated and innervated by the General Visceral Efferent nerve

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5
Q

Name locations of smooth muscle

A

Hair follicles, walls of hollow organs, blood vessel walls, glands, capsule of the spleen in dogs, muscles of iris (eye)

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6
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Forms the bulk of the heart

Muscle cells are branched with centrally located nuclei and intercalated discs.

Muscle cells are striated and innervated by General Visceral Efferent nerve

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7
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Accounts for 40% of body weight

Attached to bone
Striated, somatic, voluntary muscle

Muscle cells are multinucleated, arranged in to bundles with nuclei seen peripherally

Innervated by somatic motor neuron

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8
Q

What is the connective tissue located on all skeletal muscle?

A

Epimysium

Epimysium is continuous with the fascia and tendons

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9
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

A bundle of muscle fibers

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10
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

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11
Q

What is connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber (cell)?

A

Endomysium

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12
Q

What is the muscle fiber made of?

A

Myofibrils

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13
Q

What is a myofibril composed of?

A

Sarcomeres (Action, myosin) separated by Z discs

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14
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendons, aponeuroses

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15
Q

What type of attachment is muscle directly to periosteum?

A

Fleshy

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16
Q

What is an example of a fleshy attachment?

A

Serratus ventralis muscle attaches directly to the serrated face of the scapula

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17
Q

What are tendons composed of?

A

Collagen fibers

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18
Q

Describe the arrangement of a tendon

A

Much like muscle fibers

A group of fibers creates a primary bundle (subfascicle)

A group of subfascicles forms a secondary bundle (fascicle)

A group of secondary bundles forms a tertiary bundle

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19
Q

What connective tissue surrounds individual tendon fibers?

A

Endotendon envelopes the subfascicle

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20
Q

What is epitenon?

A

The connective tissue that surrounds the entire tendon

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21
Q

What is paratenon

A

Paratenon surrounds the epitenon

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22
Q

Describe a tendon

A

Similar in strength to bone

Damaged by excessive friction or pressure (changing direction over bony prominence)

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23
Q

Name the protective mechanisms for tendons

A

Sesamoid bones occur at bony prominences to ease tendon pressure and friction

Synovial fluid eases friction

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24
Q

What is a synovial bursae?

A

A flat sac of synovial fluid that facilitates the movement of a tendon over bone

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of bursae?

A

Congenital bursae - present at birth; calcanean bursa

Induced bursa - not present at birth; developed due to outside pressure

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26
Q

Describe sesamoid bones

A

Imbedded in certain tendons or joint capsules

Usually present at birth, sometimes develop due to friction

27
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

Protect tendons that pass over bony prominences

Increase surface area for tendon attachment over joints

Patella

28
Q

Describe the tendon sheath

A

Elongated bursa that the tendon sinks in to

29
Q

What is the internal layer of the tendon sheath called?

A

Visceral layer, its attached to the tendon

Synovial sheath

30
Q

What is the parietal layer?

A

External layer that is connected to the periosteum

31
Q

What connects the visceral and parietal layers?

A

mesotendon

Mesotendons provide vascular and sensory nerve supply

32
Q

What does aponeurosis mean literally?

A

Apo- ‘from’
Neuron ‘tendon’

Connective tissue spreading from tendon

33
Q

What is fascia?

A

Connective tissue that encloses muscle or organ

34
Q

Describe superficial fascia

A

Associated with the dermis of the skin

Contains cutaneous muscles (cutaneous trunci muscle)

35
Q

Describe deep fascia

A

Covers and separates muscles by forming a sleeve.

Consists of mesh-like sheet composed of mostly collagen fibers that are oriented in the same direction as the tension and stress forces

36
Q

Clinical relevance of deep fascia?

A

Deep fascia serves as attachment site for muscles

Deep fascia holds sutures well compared to muscles

Allows for fairly bloodless separation of muscles

Inflammation or swelling of a muscle, or fluid accumulation will compress other structures in the compartment

Direct drainage of fluids will spread infection

37
Q

What is the regional thickening of deep fascia?

A

Retinacula

38
Q

Give examples of retinaculum

A

Flexor retinaculum, extensor retinaculum, (proximal, distal, palmer) annular ligaments

39
Q

What does retinaculum literally mean?

A

‘that which binds’

‘band’

40
Q

Describe a spindle shaped muscle

A

Passive head at muscle origin, active muscle belly in the middle, passive tail at insertion

41
Q

Where does contraction occur within the muscle?

A

In the muscle belly

42
Q

Name examples of spindle shaped muscles

A

Biceps (two-heads)
Triceps (4 heads)
Quadriceps (4 heads)

43
Q

Describe pennate muscles

A

Muscle fibers lie oblique (slanting) to the line of muscle force

44
Q

Describe a unipennate muscle

A

Al muscle fibers lie on the same side of the tendon

Extensor digitorum muscle

45
Q

Describe a bipennate muscle

A

Muscle fibers lie on both sides of the tendon

Rectus femoris

46
Q

Describe a multipennate muscle

A

The tendon branches within the muscle

47
Q

Name all muscle forms

A

Pennate (deltoid), spindle shaped (biceps), sphincter, wide with tendinous tissue (abs), circular (eye), wide with aponeuroses

48
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor neuron and all muscle fibers are a motor unit

Every muscle fiber is innervated by a lower motor neuron, and a single neuron can innervate many muscle fibers.

Alpha lower motor neuron that causes skeletal muscles to contract

49
Q

Can muscle fibers contract independently from each other?

A

No, all or no muscle fibers contract

50
Q

What determines the force of a muscle contraction?

A

The size of the motor unit.

A small motor unit is a single neuron innervating a few muscle fibers

A large motor unit is a single neuron innervating several hundred muscle fibers

Motor units are activated from small to large

51
Q

What is the purpose of the muscle spindles?

A

Provide feedback on muscle length

52
Q

What is the purpose of the golgi tendon organs

A

Provide feedback on muscle tension

53
Q

What is the patellar reflex?

A

Tapping on the patellar ligament stretches the musculotendinous junction which stimulates the muscle spindle and results in a contraction of muscle

54
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Enlargement of muscle fibers (increase in contractile proteins)

Results in increased muscle mass

55
Q

What is atrophy?

A

decrease is size or shrinking of muscle fibers (loss of contractile proteins)

Caused by disuse or neurogenic atrophy (denervation)

56
Q

What is the relationship between muscles, tendons and joints?

A

If a muscle or tendon crosses a joint, when the muscle contracts, the joint will move

Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction

57
Q

What is flexion?

A

Angle of flexor surface “folding”

58
Q

What is extension?

A

Straightening of the flexor surface

59
Q

What is a muscle agonist?

A

Any muscle capable of producing a designated action on a joint

(Abs during a crunch, any muscle that flexes the shoulder joint)

60
Q

What is a muscle antagonist?

A

Any muscle that has the opposite action as a flexor on a joint (brachialis vs triceps)

61
Q

What is a fixator?

A

Any muscle that stabilizes joints while agonists are acting (rhomboideus)

62
Q

What is a synergist?

A

Any muscle that stabilizes intermediate or proximal joints and enables the force of the prime mover to be exerted on a more distal joint (bices brachii)

63
Q

Can a muscle be both an agonist and antagonist?

A

Yes.

Triceps is agonist for elbow extension but antagonist for elbow flexion

Biceps brachii and brachialis is agonist for elbow flexion but antagonist for elbow extension

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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