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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 1 materials - bones > Flashcards

Lecture 1 materials - bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is the median plane?

A

Mid-sagittal, perpendicular mid-line

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2
Q

What is sagittal plane?

A

Dividing something in to left and right

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3
Q

What is transverse plane?

A

Perpendicular to mass

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4
Q

What is dorsal plane?

A

Dividing something to top and bottom

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5
Q

What are directional terms for a hollow structure?

A

Internal vs External or

Inner vs Outer

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6
Q

What are directional terms for a solid structure?

A

Superficial vs deep

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7
Q

When are palmar and plantar used?

A

After proximal most point on the carpus/tarsus

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8
Q

What does axial mean?

A

Facing towards axis (inside of toes point towards bone)

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9
Q

What does abaxial mean?

A

Facing away from axis (outside of toes point away from bone)

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10
Q

Name the regions of the forelimb

A

Shoulder, brachium, antebrachium, manus

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11
Q

Name the regions of the hindlimb

A

Hip, thigh, crus (stifle), pes

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12
Q

What are the flexor surfaces of the forelimb?

A

Back, back, front, back

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13
Q

What are the flexor surfaces of the hindlimb?

A

Back, front, back, front

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14
Q

What does flexion mean?

A

The points where the skin touches at a joint

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15
Q

What does extension mean?

A

The parts of the skin opposite the flexors of the joint

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16
Q

What is circumduction?

A

Elliptical rotation

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17
Q

What is supination?

A

Lateral rotation

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18
Q

What is pronation?

A

Medial rotation

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19
Q

Name the main functions of bone

A

Levers for muscle action, protection of vital organs, support

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20
Q

Name all functions of bone

A

Levers for muscle action, support, protection of organs, mineral depots, site of hematopoesis, storage of fat

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21
Q

Describe a long bone

A

Significantly longer in 1 dimension, found only in limbs, act as levers

Example: Humerus, femur

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22
Q

Describe a short bone

A

Equidimensional, fund only in limbs, used for complex movement

Example: Carpal and tarsal bones

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23
Q

Describe flat bones

A

Reduced in one dimension, site of hematopoesis

Example: Scapula, ribs, some skull bones

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24
Q

Describe irregular bones

A

Irregular bones have jutting processes

Example: vertebrae, pelvis

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25
Q

Describe sesamoid bones

A

Seed shaped, imbedded within tendons, reduce friction between tendon and underlying bone

Example: Patella

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26
Q

Describe appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs

27
Q

Describe axial skeleton

A

Bones of the skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column

28
Q

Describe heterotopic skeleton

A

Unusual bones, os penis in dog, os cordis in ox. Os rostral in pig

29
Q

Describe compact bone

A

Dense, cortical bone

30
Q

Describe spongy bone

A

Made from trabecular or cancellous bone, lies within the 2 compact layers of flat bones

Found in extremities of long bones and forms internal substance of short and irregular bones.

31
Q

Describe bone marrow

A

Found in medullary cavity of long bones and in the spaces of spongy bone

32
Q

What is red marrow?

A

Hematopoetic marrow, glows red

33
Q

What is yellow marrow?

A

Fatty marrow

34
Q

Describe endochondral bone

A

Bone progressively replaces cartilage. Most bones are endochondral

35
Q

Describe intramembranous bone

A

Bones form within a sheet of connective tissue (intramembranous ossification).

Bones of the face and skull

36
Q

What is the purpose of the cartilage in endochondral ossification?

A

Cartilage serves as matrix for bone development.

37
Q

What are primary and secondary centers of ossification?

A

Primary: bone has replaced cartilage at these centers before birth (shaft of bones)

Secondary: bone replaces this crtilage with age (ends of bone)

38
Q

What is an epiphyseal plate?

A

Cartilaginous plate that remains between ossification centers until the bone is mature.

39
Q

How do bones elongate?

A

Continuous cartilage production and resorption, and progressive ossification at epiphyseal plates elongates bone during growth

40
Q

Describe intramembranous ossification

A

No cartilage model, bone forms directly within connective tissue.

This occurs under the periosteum as bones grow in diameter

41
Q

Do mot bones use both intramembranous and endochondral ossification?

A

Yes, endochondral for elongation and intramembranous for diameter growth

42
Q

What is the diaphysis

A

Shaft of the long bone

43
Q

What is the epiphysis

A

End of the long bone

44
Q

What is the physis

A

Growing cartilage plate in immature bone

45
Q

What is the metaphysis

A

Flared segment of bone located on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate (diameter)

46
Q

What is an apophysis

A

Bony projection that develops from an independent center of ossification

47
Q

What is periosteum?

A

A layer of vascular connective tissue that is superficial to the cortex and envelops most bones except at articular surfaces

48
Q

What is endosteum?

A

A layer of connective tissue that is deep to the cortex and line the medullary cavity

49
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Central cavity of the bone shaft where red and yellow marrow are stored

50
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The hard outer layer of bone, cortical bone

51
Q

Describe pneumatic bones

A

Air-filled spaces. In mammals these are in the skull and contain the paranasal sinuses.

In birds, they are also found outside the skull and communicate with the respiratory system

52
Q

Do sinuses grow with age?

A

Yes

53
Q

What is the nutrient source for bones?

A

Nutrient artery that passes through the nutrient foramen

Nutrient artery helps heal broken bones

54
Q

What is Legg-Calve-Perthes disease?

A

In developing bone, the epiphyseal artery does not penetrate growth plate and blood cannot get to the femoral head leading to bone necrosis and death

55
Q

What is the significance of the nutrient foramina

A

Located in the middle of diaphysis, may resemble fracture on radiograph.

Often where signs of panosteitis (leg bone inflammation) are first detectable

56
Q

Describe the vertebrae

A

two pedicles make the sides, two lamina make the spinous process

Vertebral foramen is between body and lamina, and form the vertebral canal

57
Q

How many articulations on a typical thoracic vertebrae?

A

12

58
Q

What is the intervertebral foramen

A

Space made by 2 vertebral notches, nerves exit

59
Q

How many times does the rib articulate with the vertebrae?

A

Usually 3, but only 2 after T10

60
Q

Name the number of each vertebrae

A 
Cervical: 7
Thoracic: 13
Lumbar: 7
Sacral: 3
Caudal: 20
61
Q

What is special about C7?

A

C7 has caudal costal fovae for rib 1 and does not have transverse foramina

62
Q

What is the anticlincal vertebrae?

A

T11, spinous processes begin to lean cranially

63
Q

What begins at T11?

A

Ribs begin to articulate only on cranial costal fovae. Thoracic vertebrae T11 - T13 only have 10 articulations because no caudal costal fovea

64
Q

Where do the nerves exit from the sacrum?

A

Pelvic sacral foramina

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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