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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 4 materials - Integumentary/skin > Flashcards

Lecture 4 materials - Integumentary/skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the integument?

A

Protection, sensory information, storage of water and electrolytes, vitamin synthesis, thermoreglation, immunity, intraspecies communication

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2
Q

What is the largest organ system of all mammals?

A

The integument (this includes but not exclusively skin)

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3
Q

What does the skin consist of?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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4
Q

Name accessory structures of the integument

A

Skin glands, hair, pads, claws, mammary glands

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5
Q

Describe the skin

A

Made from epidermis (top) and dermis (deep)

Melanocytes produce pigment

SKin encloses the body and blends mucus membranes at orifices

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6
Q

Describe the epidermis

A

Ectodermal with stratified squamous epithelium

Avascular

Thick in non-hairy skin and thin in hairy skin

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7
Q

What are the 5 layers of thick skin

A

Stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

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8
Q

Describe the dermis (corium)

A

Comes from mesoderm, formed from dense connective tissue (collagen)

Papillary and reticular layer

Well vascularized and innervated

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9
Q

What part of the skin does leather come from?

A

Dermis

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10
Q

What is the difference between the papillar and reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Cells are more spread out in the papillary layer

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11
Q

Describe the hypodermis

A

Between skin and superficial fascia

Cutaneous muscles extend tendons in to the hypodermis for skin movement

The subcutis is thin where movement is undesirable

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12
Q

What is the subcutis made of

A

Collagen, elastic fibers, white fat

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13
Q

What does thickening of the subcutis lead to?

A

Skin folds

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14
Q

Are there glands on nasal skin of dogs?

A

No, moisture comes from serous secretions from lateral nasal glands

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15
Q

What is the nasal skin made of?

A

polygonal plaque areas form the planum nasale

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16
Q

What are the 2 basic skin glands?

A

Sebaceous, Sweat

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17
Q

Describe sebaceous glands

A

Produce sebum and drain directly in to hair follicles with apocrine sweat glands

Lubricates and waterproofs skin and coat

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18
Q

Describe Eccrine sweat gland

A

Eccrine (no hair): found in footpads of dogs, predominantly in primates, secrete water-y sweat by exocytosis

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19
Q

Describe Apocrine sweat gland

A

Apocrine (with hair): Empties in to hair follicles with sebaceous glands by pinching off part of the cell.

Odorous

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20
Q

Describe ceruminous glands

A

Produces ear wax (cerumen)

By apocrine and sebaceous (pinching off, oily sebum) secretion

Located in external auditory canal

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21
Q

Describe circumoral gland

A

Found only in lips of cats

Sebaceous in nature, used to mark territory

Secretion deposited by rubbing head against objects

22
Q

Describe carpal glands

A

Present in cats and pigs

Located proximal to the carpal pad and marked by a tactile hair

23
Q

Describe caudal glands

A

Sebaceous and serous glands

Located at the base of tail (cat) or around 7th to 9th caudal vertebrae (dogs)

Most active during breeding season

24
Q

What is the cause of stud tail?

A

Caudal gland hyperplasia

25
Q

Describe circumanal glands

A

Sebaceous in nature (only dogs)

Around anal area of the dog

No excretory duct, empty by bursting

Play a role in steroid synthesis, intraspecies communication and is a common tumor site

26
Q

Describe glands of the anal sacs

A

Found within the walls of the anal sacs of dogs and cats

Sebaceous and serous in nature, serves as a marker

Foul and expressed during defecation

27
Q

What are the 3 basic types of hair?

A

Guard hair, wool hair, tactile hair

28
Q

Describe guard hairs

A

Lie close against the skin

Straight and stiff, forms top coat

Comes in bristle, wavy and wavy bristle

29
Q

Describe wool hairs

A

Form soft undercoat

Fine and wavy

Bristled wavy, large wavy, fine wavy

30
Q

Describe tactile hairs

A

Modification of guard hairs

Found on head of dogs and cats, and on the carpus of cat and pigs

Tactile hairs are thicker and extend past guard hairs

31
Q

Characteristics of the hair cycle

A

All hair has a finite life span

All dogs shed

Not all hair is shed at one time, shedding can be seasonal or year-round

32
Q

What are the phases of the hair cycle?

A

Anagen, early catagen, late catagen, telogen, early anagen

33
Q

What is the anagen phase?

A

Fully functional hair follicle

34
Q

What is the early catagen phase?

A

Follicle begins to atrophy

35
Q

What is the late catagen phase?

A

Further atropy of hair follicle

36
Q

What is the telogen phase?

A

New hair matrix begins to form under atrophied follicle

37
Q

What is the early anagen phase?

A

New hair begins to grow

38
Q

What phases are in the transition phase?

A

Early catagen, late catagen

39
Q

What is considered the resting phase of the hair cycle?

A

Telogen

40
Q

Describe plantigrade mammals

A

Plantigrade mammals (walking on soles)

Digital pads, metacarpal pads, metatarsal pads, carpal pads, tarsal pads

Bears, humans

41
Q

Describe digitigrade mammals

A

Walking on toes

Digital pads, metacarpal pads, metatarsal pads, carpal pads (no use)

No tarsal pads

Dogs, cats

42
Q

Describe the footpad

A

Heavily keratinzied epidermis

Made with rough conical papillae in the dog (smoother in cat)

Digital cushion is made of subcutis (hypodermis)

Footpads contain eccrine sweat glands (no hair)

43
Q

Describe claws

A

Extend apically from pad

Made from modified superficial layers of epidermis

Encloses distal phalanx (quick) and consists of a sole, two walls and a central dorsal ridge

44
Q

How are claws retracted in cats?

A

Elastic ligaments retract claws back in to claw fold (vallum)

45
Q

How are mammary glands arranged in dogs?

A

Two bilaterally symmetric rows suspended from ventral abdominal wall

5 pairs in dogs, 4 pairs in cats

2 pair thoracic, 2 pair abdominal (1 in cats), 1 pair inguinal

46
Q

What is a mamma?

A

Glandular complex associated with a single papilla (nipple) that has 7-12 openings

47
Q

Describe the mammary gland

A

Modified, enlarged compound tubuloalveolar sweat gland

Each opening of the papilla leads to an independent duct

48
Q

Describe the blood supply of the thoracic mammary glands

A

Perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery and vein

49
Q

Describe blood supply for cranial abdominal mammary glands

A

Cranial superifical epigastric artery and vein

50
Q

Describe blood supply for caudual abdominal mammary gland and inguinal mammary gland

A

Caudal superficial epigastric artery and vein

51
Q

Describe the lymphatic system of the mammary gland

A

Thoracic and cranial abdominal mammae drain indepenently to axillary lymph nodes

Caudal abdominal and inguinal mammae drain to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

52
Q

If one teat gets mastitis, will the other teats be more likely to get mastitis?

A

No, because they were independent from one another.

Cranial abdominal and caudal thoracic may connect adjacently but not between Left and Right sides

Gross Anatomy (28 decks)

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