(Q4) Diseases of the Urinary System (Ch.12) Flashcards
Function of the Urinary System
Removes waste products from the body
Nephritis/Bright’s Disease
Inflammation of the kidney
Glomerulonephritis
- Inflammation of the glomeruli
- Associated with strep. pyogenes infections
Hematuria
Blood in the urine
Albuminuria
Albumin in the urine
(Albumin: proteins of the liver that helps retain fluid)
Nephrosclerosis
Arteries and arterioles of the kidney become hardened and sclerotic
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
(Renal Pelvis: expanded portion of the upper part of the ureter)
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Uremia
- Build-up of potentially toxic waste products, such as urea and uric acid, in the bloodstream
- Can cause an odor and a yellow discoloration of the tissues
Anuria
Complete suppression of urine output, indicating total kidney failure
Oliguria
Less than normal amount of urine
Polyuria
- Passage of excess quantities of urine
- Often accompanies diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes)
Diabetes Insipidus
- A rare and treatable condition in which your body produces too much urine.
- Usually caused by an issue with how the body makes and uses antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin).
ADH/Vasopressin/Anti-diuretic Hormone
- Hormone that regulates urine output
- When not properly produced, excess urine is generated
Glycosuria
- Excess sugar in the urine
- Often accompanies diabetes mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
- Conditions that result in too much sugar in the blood (high blood glucose).
- The pancreas does not produce insulin, which metabolizes carbohydrates and sugars
- Sugar build up in the bloodstream and spill over into the urinary system
Hematuria
- Blood in the urine
- Often accompanies glomerulonephritis, kidney infections, tumors, and other urinary system diseases
Hemoglobinuria
Only hemoglobin is present in the urine
- Often accompanies diseases of the blood (Ex. hemolytic anemias: red blood cells are being abnormally destroyed)
Hypoplasia (of the Kidneys)
Underdevelopment of a body part
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Kidneys develop many cysts
Hydronephrosis
Build up of urine in the renal pelvis, generally due to a blockage downstream
Nephrolithiasis
Formation of kidney stones
Nephroliths
- Kidney stones
- Their formation is sometimes associated with kidney inflammation, dietary problems and hyperparathyroidism
Ureteritis
Inflammation of the ureters
Cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Pyuria
Pus in the urine
Urinary Tract Infection
Common infections that happen when bacteria, often from the skin or rectum, enter the urethra and infect the urinary tract.
Common Bacterial Causes of Urinary Tract Infections
- Nesseria gonorrheae
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Escherichia coli
- Proteus
- Pseudomonas
- Treponema pallidum
Carcinomas of the Urinary System
- Common malignant tumors that occur in the urinary system
Bladder Cancer
Transitional cell carcinomas
Kidney Cancers
- Renal cells carcinoma (usually in adults)
- Wilms’s Tumor: malignant rapid growing tumor usually in children)
Agonal Agenesis
Born with only one kidney
Renal Dysplasia
Abnormal tissue development occurs in the kidney during development
Renal Failure
The loss of function of the kidneys
- Two types: acute and chronic
Acute Renal Failure
Renal failure that results from a sudden drop in blood pressure brought on by trauma, complications in surgery septic shock, hemorrhage etc
Chronic Renal Failure
Renal failure that results from major diseases such as glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, kidney stones, and chronic infections
Dialysis
The processes of diffusing blood across a semipermeable membrane to remove toxic materials and maintain fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance in case of impaired kidney function or absence of the kidneys
Fistula
- The surgical joining of an artery and vein
- Doing this increases blood volume and stretches the vein to allow a larger volume of blood to flow
- Used for dialysis patients
Azotemia
- Elevation, or buildup of, nitrogenous products in the blood
- blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and other secondary waste products within the body
- Three types of azotemia: pre-renal, intra-renal, post renal (BSB-blood flow, structural damage, blockage)
Pre-renal Azotemia
- Elevation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood because of decreased blood flow to the kidneys
- most common form of azotemia
- Causes: congestive heart failure, low blood pressure dehydration etc
Intra-renal Azotemia
- Elevation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood because of damage to the structure of the kidneys
- Causes: diabetes mellitus, pyelonephritis, use of prescription drugs
Post-renal Azotemia
- Elevation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood because there is a blockage in the drainage tubes (ureters) that urine flows through
- Causes: kidney stones, tumors, enlarged prostate (males)
Embalming Considerations for Diseases of the Urinary System
- Uremia (resulting from kidney failure)
-Edema - Strong odor (resulting from uremia)
Why does uremia increase formaldehyde/preservative demand?
- Kidney failure causes a buildup of urea and other toxic waste products in the blood
- Urea has the effect of altering tissue proteins so the ability of formaldehyde to coagulate the proteins is diminished
