(Q4) Diseases of the Bones and Joints (Ch.16)

Question 1

Osteitis

Answer 1

Inflammation of a bone

Question 2

Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica

Answer 2

Formation of cysts and fibrous nodules within the bones

Question 3

Paget’s Disease/Osteitis Deformuns

Answer 3

-Excessive growth (hyperplasia) of bones that cause chronic inflammation, resulting in thickening, softening, and deformation
- Bones affected are predisposed to malignant development
- Usually affects older people

Question 4

Osteomyelitis

Answer 4

• Bone marrow inflammation (can include bone as well)
• Two prevalent forms: Hematogenous, direct inoculation

Question 5

Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

Answer 5

Osteomyelitis caused by an infection from bacteria that migrates from the blood into the bone
- usually occurs in children

Question 6

Direct/Continuous Inoculation Osteomyelitis

Answer 6

Osteomyelitis caused by direct contact of the tissue with bacteria during surgery or trauma

Question 7

Arthritis

Answer 7

• Inflammation of the joint
• Can be acute or chronic

Question 8

Rheumatoid Arthitis

Answer 8

• Common form of chronic arthritis that generally begins as an inflammation of synovial membrane lining the joint capsule
• Typically starts with the hand and wrists, and spreads to other areas over time
• May lead to joint destruction and prominent crippling
• Affects mostly women

Question 9

Psoriatic Arthritis

Answer 9

• Inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis
• occurs when the body’s immune system attacks healthy cells and tissue.
• The immune response causes inflammation in the joints as well as overproduction of skin cells.

Question 10

Psoriatic Spondylitis

Answer 10

psoriatic arthritis involving the sacroiliac joint and spine

Question 11

Osteoarthritis

Answer 11

• Very common form of chronic arthritis
• More of a degenerative disease than inflammatory (like rheumatoid arthritis)
• Affects men and women

Question 12

Gout

Answer 12

• hereditary form of arthritis
• The result of a metabolic problem with uric acid in the body
• Usually affects the feet and knees

Question 13

How does uric acid cause gout?

Answer 13

Uric acid builds up in the bloodstream, then precipitated out of solution as urate crystals and tends to accumulate around certain joints

Question 14

Bursitis

Answer 14

• Inflammation of the bursa
• Commonly occurs in the shoulder and elbow regions
• Tennis Elbow: bursitis in the elbow area

Question 15

Bursa

Answer 15

small sac-like structures containing synovial fluid, and they function to reduce friction in areas where a lot of movement occurs

Question 16

Osteoporosis

Answer 16

• Loss of bone density
• Bone becomes more porous, brittle, and has a tendency to break more easily
• Commonly in women after menopause

Question 17

Osteomalacia

Answer 17

• Softening of bone tissue due to a loss of calcium
• Affects adults

Question 18

Rickets

Answer 18

• Softening of bone tissue due to a loss of calcium
• Affects children
• A childhood disease that occurs as a result of being deficient in vitamin D which aids in the absorption of calcium

Question 19

Achondroplasia

Answer 19

• Means “no cartilage formation”
• A genetic disorder that results in a failure of cartilage to develop properly, especially in the growth centers of the long bones
• Results in a form of dwarfism

Question 20

Scoliosis

Answer 20

A condition in which the spinal column contains an abnormal lateral curvature

Question 21

Kyphosis

Answer 21

• Humpback
  -A condition in which the spinal column contains an abnormal (posterior) curvature

Question 22

Lordosis

Answer 22

An exaggerated anterior curvature of the spine

Question 23

Osteoma

Answer 23

Benign tumor of bone

Question 24

Chrondroma

Answer 24

Benign tumor of cartilage

Question 25

Osteosarcoma/Osteogenic Sarcoma

Answer 25

- Malignant tumor of bone - most common type of cancer that develops in bone

Question 26

Chondrosarcoma

Answer 26

Malignant tumor of cartilage

Question 27

Fracture

Answer 27

- A break in a bone - can be accompanied by damage to surrounding tissues - Two Categories: simple or compound - Many subcategories

Question 28

Types of Bone Fractures

Answer 28

- Compound - Comminuted - Greenstick - Closed - Impacted - Complete - Simple - Spiral - Depressed - Colles - Angulated - Displaced - Nondisplaced - Overriding - Segmental - Avulsed

Question 29

Compound/Open Fracture

Answer 29

Fracture in the bone and the bone pokes through the skin

Question 30

Simple Fracture

Answer 30

Broken bone does not protrude through the skin

Question 31

Comminuted Fracture

Answer 31

Fracture in which bone is crushed or splintered into pieces

Question 32

Greenskick Fracture

Answer 32

Fracture in whick the bone is bent on one side with a breakage on the opposite side

Question 33

Complete Fracture

Answer 33

Fracture in which two sections of bone are not touching, or completely separate from each other

Question 34

Closed Fracture

Answer 34

A fracture without rupture of ligaments or skin

Question 35

Impacted Fracture

Answer 35

One bone fragment is forced into another

Question 36

Spiral Fracture

Answer 36

The fracture follows a helical line along and around the course of a long bone - May indicate child abuse resulting from twisting the arm

Question 37

Depressed Fracture

Answer 37

A peice of bone is broken and driven inward

Question 38

Colles Fracture

Answer 38

A transverse fracture of the distal end of the radius with displacement of the hand backward and outward

Question 39

Angulated Fracture

Answer 39

Fragments lie at an angle to each other

Question 40

Displaced Fracture

Answer 40

The fragments separated and are deformed

Question 41

Nondisplaced Fracture

Answer 41

The two sections of bone keep their normal alignment

Question 42

Overriding Fracture

Answer 42

Fragments overlap and the total length of the bone is shortened

Question 43

Segmental Fracture

Answer 43

Fractures occur in two nearby areas with an isolated central segment

Question 44

Avulsed Fracture

Answer 44

Fragments are pulled from their normal positions by muscles

Question 45

Embalming Considerations for Diseases of Bones and Joints

Answer 45

- cranial/facial fractures require reconstruction and wax modeling - Swelling from broken bones - Straighten fractured limbs - May need to strap or bandage broken or donated limbs (plaster of Paris, wooden dowels) - vascular impairment from broken bones -inflammatory conditions can cause deformed or fused joints - May need to stretch or bend bones/joints - May need to receive permission to do extensive restorative art (incising tendons and ligaments, dislocating bones or joints)