(Q4) Diseases of the Endocrine System (Ch.17) Flashcards
1
Q
Giantism/ Gigantism
A
- A form of giantism is caused by the over-secretion of somatotropin (growth hormone) from the anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis gland
- Oversecretion of growth hormone during childhood causes giantism
2
Q
Dwarfism
A
- A form of dwarfism is caused by the under-secretion/hyposecretion of somatotropin (growth hormone)
- Hyposecretion of growth hormone during childhood causes dwarfism
3
Q
Acromegaly
A
A form of giantism is caused by the over-secretion/hypersecretionof somatotropin (growth hormone) during adulthood after the bones have ossified
- can be caused by an adenoma on the anterior pituitary gland
4
Q
Simmond’s Disease
A
- Diminished anterior pituitary gland function caused by ischemic necrosis or a tumor
- Accompanied by many abnormal hormonal occurrences
- (Can cause extreme emaciation, premature aging, wrinkling of the facial skin, loss of pubic and axillary hair, dental caries and loss of libido etc)
5
Q
Diabetes Insipidus
A
- A rare disorder that causes the body to make too much urine.
- Caused by the failure of the posterior pituitary gland to secrete a proper amount of vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone)
- (Not associated with diabetes mellitus)
6
Q
Vasopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone
A
- Hormone made in the hypothalamus that decreases water excretion by the kidneys by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
- Without vasopressin, excessive amounts of water are lost through the urinary system and can cause serious dehydration
7
Q
Hyperthyroidism
A
- Overproduction of the hormone thyroxine (from the thyroid gland)
- Cause increased metabolism, weightloss, weakness, nervousness, profuse sweating etc.
8
Q
Grave’s Disease/ Exoththalmia Goiter
A
- A severe form of hyperthyroidism
- Causes all the symptoms of hyperthyroidism along with bulging eyeballs due to edema of the tissues in the back of the eyesockets
9
Q
Hypothyroidism
A
- Failure of the thyroid gland to produce sufficient thyroxine
- Affects heart rate, body temperature, and all aspects of metabolism.
10
Q
Cretinism
A
- Hypothyroidism that is congenital or occurs early in life
- Causes abnormal mental and physical development
11
Q
Myxedema
A
- Hypothyroidism that occurs during adulthood
- Causes slow metabolism, mental dullness, sluggishness, puffy skin due to mucous-like edema
12
Q
Goiter
A
- Term that refers to an increase in the size of the thyroid gland
- Simple goiter: occurs when the thyroid gland enlarges to overcome deficiencies in the production of thyroid hormone
- 2 types of simple goiters: endemic, sporadic
13
Q
Disorders of the Thyroid Associated with Goiters
A
- Hypersecretion
- Tumors
- Inflammations
- Iodine Deficiencies
14
Q
Hyperparathyroidism
A
- Overproduction of the hormone parathormone (from the parathyroid)
- Causes increased calcium levels because parathormone causes calcium to be drawn out of bones and into the bloodstream
- Often occurs because of tumor formation
- Causes softening and deformation of bones, formation of kidney stones, hardening of the arteries, heartbeat irregularities
15
Q
Hypoparathyroidism
A
- Failure of the parathyroid gland to produce sufficient parathormone
- Causes nerve cell irritability and overactivity: leads to abnormal, sustained muscle contractions (tetany)
16
Q
Tetany
A
A condition marked by intermittent muscular spasms, caused by malfunction of the parathyroid glands and a consequent deficiency of calcium.
17
Q
Cushing’s Syndrome
A
- A form of hyperadrenalism
- Overproduction of the glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol is one)
- Causes increased sugar, lipids, and fats in the blood, a fatty hump between the shoulders, a rounded face (moon face), pink or purple stretch marks, high blood pressure, weakness, fatigue
18
Q
Addison’s Disease/ Hypocortisolism
A
- A form of hypoadrenalism
- Failure of the adrenal glands to produce hormones (including cortisol)
- Causes brown or bronze skin discoloration, low blood pressure, digestive disturbances, dehydration, weakness
- Usually an autoimmune disorder
19
Q
Waterhouse-Frederichsen Syndrome
A
- A fulminating blood infection caused by meningococcus that affects the adrenal glands
- WFS causes the adrenal glands to fail to produce proper levels of corticosteroids due to bleeding within the adrenal cortex
- Causes severe adrenal hemorrhages, rapid circulatory failure, skin hemorrhages, death
20
Q
Diabetes Mellitus/ Sugar Diabetes
A
- A disease of inadequate control of blood glucose levels
- Caused by the failure of the pancreas to produce and secrete proper amounts of insulin
- Causes hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, thirstiness, hunger, blurry vision, tiredness, acidosis, atherosclerosis etc.
- Two types: Type 1, Type 2
21
Q
Hyperglycemia
A
- Excess sugar in the blood
- Uncontrolled hyperglycemia can lead to acidosis
- Can be a complication of diabetes mellitus
22
Q
Glycosuria
A
- Sugar in the urine
- Can be a complication of diabetes mellitus
23
Q
Polyuria
A
- Passage of excess quantities of urine
- Can be a complication of diabetes mellitus
24
Q
Acidosis
A
- A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).
- Occurs when there isn’t enough insulin in the body
- (when the body is deprived of glucose, it metabolizes fats and proteins. The breakdown of fats and proteins causes a buildup of fatty acids in the blood which dramatically lowers blood pH to acidic)
25
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
- Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery.
- Can be a complication of diabetes mellitus
- Atherosclerosis can cause myocardial infarctions (heart attacks), gangrene, blindness
26
Q
Embalming Considerations for Diseases of the Endocrine System
A
- Circulation problems
- Careful control of injection pressure and rate of flow
- May need to use multiple injection sites
- Treatment of gangrene
- Edema
- Discolorations
- Possible deformities
27
Q
Pancreatic Cancer
A
- Called the silent disease because of few early cancer signs
28
Q
Endemic/Colloid Goiter
A
Goiters formed as a result of a lack of iodine in the diet
29
Q
Sporadic Goiter/ Non-Toxic Goiter
A
Goiters formed as a result of an unknown cause, but may result from the use of certain medications like lithium and aminoglutethimide
