Disturbances in Circulation (Q3,CH. 6)

Question 1

Edema/Dropsy

Answer 1

A local or generalized condition in which the body tissues contain an excessive amount of tissue fluid
(seven types: anasarca, exudate, hydrothorax, Hydropericardium, ascites, pitting edema, pulmonary edema)

Question 2

Causes of Edema

Answer 2

1. Increased permeability of capillary walls
2. Increased capillary pressure due to venous obstruction or heart failure
3. Inflammatory conditions
4. Fluid and electrolyte disturbances

Question 3

Anasarca

Answer 3

• Type of Edema
• Severe, generalized, widespread edema (expressed through pitting edema)

Question 4

Ascites

Answer 4

• Type of Edema
• accumulation of fluid in the abdomen/peritoneal cavity

Question 5

Hydrothorax/ Pleural Effusion

Answer 5

• Type of Edema
• Edema in the pleural cavity

Question 6

Hydropericardium

Answer 6

• Type of Edema
• Edema of the pericardial sac that surrounds the heart
• can cause dyspnea and difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

Question 7

Pitting Edema

Answer 7

• Type of Edema
• Edema of the extremities.
• skin maintains a depression when firmly pressed

Question 8

Pulmonary Edema

Answer 8

• Type of Edema
• Fluid in the lungs
• Potentially fatal because fluid may inhibit the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 9

Exudate

Answer 9

Edema that occurs around an inflammation site

Question 10

Hyperemia/Congestion

Answer 10

• Excess blood in a body part
• Two types: active hyperemia (active physiological & active pathological) and passive hyperemia

Question 11

Active Hyperemia

Answer 11

• Excess blood in a body part which was actively or purposefully taken there by the arterial system in the body
• Two types: active physiological, and active pathological

Question 12

Active physiological Hyperemia

Answer 12

Active hyperemia that results from a normal every day healthy bodily function
(exercise)

Blood purposely moved to the part because of normal functioning

Question 13

Active pathological Hyperemia

Answer 13

Active hyperemia as a result of some disease process
(acute inflammatory process)

Blood purposely moves to the part because of a disease/infection

Question 14

Passive hyperemia

Answer 14

• The engorgement of an organ or tissues, with venous blood, resulting from inadequate venous drainage
• Causes a reddish bluish discoloration of the affected parts, because venous return is impaired (Cyanosis)
• (passive hyperemia is always pathological.)
• 2 types: localized passive, or generalized passive

Question 15

Cyanosis

Answer 15

Bluish discoloration of the tissues from unoxygenated blood

Question 16

Localized passive hyperemia

Answer 16

• Formation of a blood clot in a vein
• Thickening of vessel walls
• Pressure from an outside lesion

Question 17

Generalized passive hyperemia

Answer 17

Normally a result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart pumping action
- can result in hypostatic congestion or cyanosis

Question 18

Ischemia

Answer 18

Decreased blood flow to a body part
- ischemia make cause an infarction

Question 19

Hypoxia

Answer 19

A decrease in the level of oxygen within a tissue

Question 20

Ischemia and hypoxia

Answer 20

• are often related, but indicate two different pathological conditions and can happen together or apart
• Ischemia (too little blood flow) will eventually result in hypoxia (too little oxygen to a part)

Question 21

Infarction/ischemic necrosis

Answer 21

An area of tissue which has been deprived of blood supply dies

Question 22

Infarct

Answer 22

The area of tissue that has died from an infarction

Question 23

Thrombosis

Answer 23

The formation of a blood clot

Question 24

Thrombus

Answer 24

A blood clot
- stationary (stay at the site where they form) and have the potential to fragment in the bloodstream (become a fragmented thrombi embolus)

Question 25

Embolism

Answer 25

The sudden obstruction of a vessel by debris

Question 26

Embolis

Answer 26

A Fragment of a blood clots, or other free-flowing object in the bloodstream

Question 27

Difference between embolus and thrombus

Answer 27

- An embolus moves through the circulatory system until becoming inlodged - A thrombus becomes inlodged where they form - Although emboli and thrombi have differences, they may cause the same results

Question 28

Types of Emboli

Answer 28

Fragments of Thromboli Microorganisms Tumor Cells Fat Gases Other Foreign Bodies

Question 29

Fragments of Thromboli

Answer 29

Type of Emboli - The most common emboli (what di canio wants us to understand an emboli to be) - a blood clot/thrombus breaks apart, fragmenting into small pieces of the clot that travel throughout the bloodstream, and may become lodged into smaller vessels and block blood flow

Question 30

Results of Embolisms

Answer 30

- ischemia (two little blood flow) - infarction (death of tissues distal to the blockage) - Necrosis: the embolism may spread the infection and cause more systemic death of tissues

Question 31

Hemorrhage

Answer 31

- The escape of blood from the blood vascular system - Often associated with a break in the walls of a vessel (11 types)

Question 32

Petechiae/Petechia (singular) (appearance based hemorrhage)

Answer 32

- Antemortem pinpoint size hemorrhages of small capillaries in the skin or mucous membranes - permanent extravascular stain after death (not removed through arterial embalming)

Question 33

Ecchymosis (appearance based hemorrhage)

Answer 33

Bruise; Large irregular patches of hemorrhage in the tissues ( permanent extravascular stain)

Question 34

Purpura (appearance based hemorrhage)

Answer 34

Widespread areas of hemorrhage into the skin or mucous membranes

Question 35

Hematoma (appearance based hemorrhage)

Answer 35

Tumor-like swelling filled with blood (ex. common blood blister)

Question 36

Melena (appearance based hemorrhage)

Answer 36

Very dark, tarry feces or vomit

Question 37

Hemothorax (location based hemorrhage)

Answer 37

Bleeding into the pleural/thoracic cavity

Question 38

Hemaparicardium (location based hemorrhage)

Answer 38

Bleeding into the pericardial cavity (from the heart cavity)

Question 39

Hemoperitoneum (location based hemorrhage)

Answer 39

Bleeding into the peritoneal cavity (abdominal cavity)

Question 40

Hemoptysis (location based hemorrhage)

Answer 40

Blood in the sputum (from the lungs)

Question 41

Hematemsis (location based hemorrhage)

Answer 41

Blood in vomit (from the stomach or upper digestive system)

Question 42

Hematuria

Answer 42

The presence of blood in urine

Question 43

Exsanguination

Answer 43

Massive bleeding from anywhere in the body; usually refers to the loss of blood to the point of death

Question 44

Epitaxis (location based hemorrhage)

Answer 44

Bleeding from the nose

Question 45

Gangrene/Necrosis

Answer 45

- The death of tissue often occurs in the extremities or skin from loss of blood supply. - The result of an infarction - 2 types: dry, gangrene and wet/moist gangrene

Question 46

Moist/True Gangrene

Answer 46

Wet/Liquefaction Necrosis - characterized by necrotic tissue which as been invaded by bacteria - often associated with disturbances in the venous return of blood from the area

Question 47

Dry Gangrene

Answer 47

Coagulation Necrosis; Ischemic Necrosis - Dry gangrene occurs when the blood supply to tissue is cut off. - The area becomes dry, shrinks, and turns black

Question 48

Coagulation

Answer 48

The process of blood changing from a liquid/free-flowing form, into a semi-sold

Question 49

Circulatory Shock

Answer 49

The condition that results from a **serious reduction of blood flow** in the body, resulting in **reduced oxygen supply** to the tissues.

Question 50

Fainting/syncope

Answer 50

- Temporary loss of consciousness - Often described as a mild form of shock - due to a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain or low blood pressure

Question 51

Dehydration

Answer 51

Desiccation; A decrease in total body fluids

Question 52

Postmortem conditions associated with disturbances in circulation

Answer 52

- Diminished circulation - edema - abscess - hemorrhage - emaciation - dehydration - rapid decomposition - discoloration