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Pathology > (Q4) Diseases of the Nervous System (Ch.13) > Flashcards

(Q4) Diseases of the Nervous System (Ch.13) Flashcards

1
Q

Trauma to the Head

A
  • Common occurances
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2
Q

Cerebral Hemorrhage

A
  • An emergency condition in which a ruptured blood vessel causes bleeding inside the brain.
  • Categorized in relation to the meninges: extra-dural, subdural, subarachnoid
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3
Q

Epidural Hematoma

A
  • Traumatic accumulation of blood between the skull and the dural membrane
  • frequently due to rupture of a meningeal artery
  • I think in this case cerebral hemorrhage and epidural hematoma are the same
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4
Q

Extra-dural Hemorrhage/Hematoma

A

Bleeding in the brain between the dura mater and the cranial bones

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5
Q

Sub-dural Hemorrhage/Hematoma

A

Bleeding in the brain between the dura mater and arachnoid mater

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6
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage/hematoma

A

Bleeding between the pia mater and the arachnoid membrane

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7
Q

Contusion

A
  • An injury to the brain where the skin has not been broken at the site of the injury
  • Bruising of the brain accompanied by swelling and pain
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8
Q

Fracture

A

Bone in the skull is broken

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9
Q

Laceration

A

Tearing of the brain itself

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10
Q

Concussion

A
  • Blow to the head that does not causes a fracture, laceration or hemorrhage
  • A concussion occurs when the brain shifts inside the skull, striking the sides
  • injury is widespread throughout the brain
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11
Q

Encephalitis

A
  • Inflammation of the brain
    -Two types: primary and secondary
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12
Q

Primary Encephalitis

A

Encephalitis that occurs when a virus directly invades the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

Secondary Encephalitis

A
  • Postinfectious encephalitis
  • A virus that first infects another part of the body and then spreads to the brain
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14
Q

Common Causes of Encephalitis

A
  • Viral encephalitis: mosquito-borne
  • Malaria
  • Influenza
  • Measles
  • Typhus Fever
  • herpes 1 and 2
    -Varicella-zoster virus
  • Epstein barr virus
  • herpes virus, childhood infections, and arboviruses
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15
Q

Encephalomyelitis

A

Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of the meninges surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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17
Q

Common Causes of Meningitis

A
  • Hemophilus influenzae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
  • Neisseria meningitis (meningococcus)
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18
Q

How does meningitis organisms reach the meninges?

A
  • Via either the blood, lymphatic system, or as extensions of local infections such as otitis media and mastoiditis
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19
Q

Myelitis

A

Inflammation of the spinal cord

20
Q

Common causes of myelitis

A
  • Injury of the spinal cord
  • Polio virus (may cause paralysis)
21
Q

Neuritis

A

Inflammation of a nerve or nerves

22
Q

Common causes of neuritis

A
  • Microbial
  • Trauma
  • Contusion
  • Toxins
23
Q

Rabies

A
  • A deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals.
  • An infection that affects the nervous system
24
Q

Common causes of rabies

A
  • Animal bites of infected raccoons, foxes, skunks, bats and dogs
25
Q

Stroke

A
  • Apoplexy, Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
  • Circulatory interruption occurring in the brain
26
Q

Common causes of stroke

A
  • Thrombosis
  • Embolism
    Hemorrhage
27
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

A
  • mini stroke
  • Temporary interference with the blood supply to a part of the brain
  • no permanent damage usually occurs
28
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

Water on the brain
- Condition which results when there is a blockage to the normal outflow of cerebrospinal fluid

29
Q

Epilepsy

A
  • A disorder of the brain characterized by repeated seizures.
  • Results from some form of interference with normal electrical activity to the brain
30
Q

Common causes of epilepsy

A
  • Brain injury
  • Trauma at birth
  • Tumors
  • Many causes are unknown
31
Q

Grand Mal Epilepsy

A
  • More serious form of epilepsy
  • Characterized by strong convulsions, incontinence, making peculiar sounds, biting the tongue, excess salivation
32
Q

Petite Mal Epilepsy

A
  • Milder form of epilepsy
  • Characterized by dizziness and brief loss of consciousness
  • more common in children and may disappear by early adulthood
33
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A
  • T cells attack the nerves, messing up communication to the brain
  • Chronic, degenerative disease affecting the nervous system in which infiltrating lymphocytes (T cells and macrophages) degrade the myelin sheath of nerves
  • usually affects young adults (20-40 yrs)
  • Assumed to be an autoimmune disease
  • Characterized by muscular weakness and incoordination, tremors, paralysis, vision problems, rapid eyeball movements, destruction of myelin sheaths, impaired motor and sensory nerve impulses
34
Q

Parkinson’s Disease/Shaking Palsy

A
  • Chronic, degenerative, debilitating disease of the nervous system
  • Develops later in life; no cure
  • Characterized by muscular rigidity, expressionless face, peculiar gait, stooping forward
  • Amyloid plaques (neurofibrillary tangles) affect the brain
  • Most common form of dementia among older people in the US
35
Q

Cerebral Palsy

A
  • Non-progressive nervous system disorder affecting young children
  • Usually the result of some type of brain damage either before or shortly after birth
  • the most common motor disability in childhood
  • Characterized by exaggerated reflexes, floppy or rigid limbs, and involuntary motions, possible mental retardation
36
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A
  • A rare, rapidly worsening brain disorder that causes unique changes in brain tissue and affects muscle coordination thinking, and memory
  • Caused by a prion
  • Has a long dormant period, proves fatal within a year, noncontagious
  • Most infectious tissues and fluids are those of the nervous system and eyes
37
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A
  • A nervous system disorder characterized by loss of memory, mood changes, and other mental disturbances
  • Destruction of neuron in the cortex, deposition of plaques upon the nerve fibers
38
Q

Sundowning

A
  • Confusion or disorientation that increases in the afternoon and evening
  • Associated with Alzheimer’s disease
39
Q

Glioma

A
  • malignant, fast-growing tumors of glial cells
    (glial cells provide physical and metabolic support to neurons)
40
Q

Lou Gehrig’s Disease/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • A progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
  • The result of the degeneration of specific nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary movement
  • Characterized by difficulty swallowing, severe muscle twitching and cramping, speech impairment, loss of motor control, persistent fatigue
41
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

42
Q

Seizures

A

Sudden, uncontrolled discharges of electrical activity in the brain

43
Q

Convulsions

A

An abnormal, violent, and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the muscles
- seizures may cause convulsions but may have other causes

44
Q

Spina Bifida

A

A congenital defect in which the spinal cord protrudes
- can cause membranes to push through the opening and cause a tumor (spina bifida cystica)

45
Q

Embalming Considerations for Diseases of the Nervous System

A
  • Adequate disinfection
  • Special concern about the cranial cavity
  • Hemorrhages
  • Atrophy of the body’s organs or parts
  • brain purge
  • diminished circulation

Pathology (19 decks)

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