Diseases Of The Heart And Vessels (Q3,Ch. 9)

Question 1

Hypertrophy

Answer 1

An increase in the size of the heart or part of the heart due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers
- Usually occurs when an increased workload is put upon one or more of the heart chambers

Question 2

Dilatation

Answer 2

The increase in the size of the heart, or a chamber of the heart, due to a stretching of the muscle fibers in the walls of the chamber
- usually occurs when the chamber becomes overfilled with blood on a regular basis

Question 3

Coronary artery disease

Answer 3

• Conditions which affect the normal functioning of the coronary arteries
• Coronary arteries deliver oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself

Question 4

Occlusion

Answer 4

A blocking or closing off of the coronary arteries from various causes
( arterial sclerosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism, spasm of muscle fibers)

Question 5

Ischemia

Answer 5

• Decreased blood flow
• Results from coronary occlusion, and may lead to necrosis of the heart

Question 6

Myocardial infarction

Answer 6

Heart attack; death of heart tissue due to lack of blood supply

Question 7

Hypertensive heart disease

Answer 7

• Various changes which occurred in the heart as a result of prolong, pumping against unusual resistance
• Seen through Hypertension/high blood pressure

(resistance usually results from disease)

Question 8

Blood pressure readings

Answer 8

• first number of blood pressure is systolic pressure: arterial pressure upon the vascular walls
• Second number is diastolic pressure: pressure within the arteries when the ventricles of the blood are relaxing and filling back up with blood
• Blood pressure readings over 140/90 are considered high blood pressure

Question 9

Stenosis

Answer 9

The narrowing of an opening or passageway

Question 10

Insufficiency/incompetence

Answer 10

Referred to the inability of a valve to close properly

Question 11

Regurgitation

Answer 11

• Backflow of blood into the previous chamber of the heart
• Results from a valve not properly closing

Question 12

Prolapse

Answer 12

One or more of the cusps of the heart valve, turning backwards into the atrium upon ventricular contraction

Question 13

Murmur

Answer 13

Abnormal sounds the heart may make
- Usually involves a problem with the valves of the heart

Question 14

Bacterial endocarditis

Answer 14

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Question 15

Sub-acute bacterial endocarditis (SBE)

Answer 15

Characterized by chronic thrombi called vegetations which occur on the valves
- Often associated with tooth extractions and tonsillectomies
- Caused by strep pyogenes, and staph aureus

Question 16

Syphilis

Answer 16

• Bacterial infection caused by Treponema pallidum
• Infection that can affect the heart in later stages in cause aorta and aortic valve damage

Question 17

Pericarditis

Answer 17

Inflammation of the pericardium

Question 18

Myocarditis

Answer 18

Inflammation of the heart muscle itself

Question 19

Rheumatic heart disease

Answer 19

• Heart damage that results from rheumatic fever
• Rheumatic fever is a febrile, systemic disease caused by strep pyogenes

Question 20

Aschoff bodies

Answer 20

• Formation of small nodules due to rheumatic heart disease
• Will eventually develop into scar tissue

Question 21

Congestive heart failure

Answer 21

• General term given to the condition in which the heart is diseased and not able to adequately pump blood to meet the needs of the body
• May result from high blood pressure, arterial sclerosis, myocardial infarctions

Question 22

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 22

• disease of the heart muscle
• Often associated with congestive heart failure; may also accompany infectious diseases, hypertrophy of the heart chambers and chronic alcoholism

Question 23

Septal defect

Answer 23

Congenital conditions where the arterial or ventricle septum do not close

Question 24

Patent ductus arteriosus

Answer 24

The opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close

Question 25

Congenital heart disease

Answer 25

Hard to fix that allow for deoxygenated blood to be shunted into the systemic circulation - Can cause cyanosis

Question 26

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 26

Hardening of the arteries; calcification of the arteries - Degenerative condition, in which the arteries of the body become hardened, thickened and inelastic as a result of the deposition of calcium in their walls

Question 27

Atherosclerosis

Answer 27

The formation of fatty deposits, called plaques in the arteries - cause high blood pressure, thrombosis, ischemia, and weakened/ruptured vessels

Question 28

Aneurysm

Answer 28

Localized, weakening and dilation of an artery wall - and aneurysms may result in hemorrhage (three types: secular, fusiform, and dissecting)

Question 29

Saccular aneurysm

Answer 29

Bulging, saclike dilation of the wall of an artery

Question 30

Fusiform aneurysm

Answer 30

Tubular swelling of the artery around the entire circumference of an artery

Question 31

Dissecting aneurysm

Answer 31

Weakening and separation between the walls of an artery

Question 32

Arteritis

Answer 32

Inflammation involving an artery

Question 33

Phlebitis

Answer 33

Inflammation of the veins

Question 34

Varicose veins/varices

Answer 34

Veins that have become dilated and tortuous

Question 35

Hemorrhoids

Answer 35

Varicose veins in the area of the rectum and anal canal

Question 36

Predisposing factors for cardiovascular disease

Answer 36

- Heredity - Obesity - diet - Diabetes - Other factors: stress, smoking, alcohol and drug use

Question 37

Valvular disease

Answer 37

Damage or disease to any heart valve

Question 38

Arrhythmia

Answer 38

Loss of normal beating rhythm of the heart

Question 39

Fibrillation

Answer 39

A quivering or spontaneous contraction of the individual cardiac cells