Disturbances In Circulation

Question 1

Hyperemia/congestion

Answer 1

• A condition in which refers to excess blood in a body part
• Two types of Hyperemia: active (active physiological & active pathological) and passive

Question 2

Active Hyperemia

Answer 2

• Access blood anybody part which was actively or purposefully taken there by the arterial system in the body
• Two types: active physiological, and active pathological

Question 3

Active physiological Hyperemia

Answer 3

Active hyperemia that results from a normal every day healthy bodily function
(exercise)

Question 4

Active pathological Hyperemia

Answer 4

Active hyperemia as a result of some disease process
(acute inflammatory process)

Question 5

Passive hyperemia

Answer 5

• Occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased
• (passive hyperemia is always pathological.)
• 2 types: localized passive, or generalized passive

Question 6

Localized passive hyperemia

Answer 6

• Formation of a blood clot in a vein
• Thickening of vessel walls
• Pressure from an outside lesion

Question 7

Generalized passive hyperemia

Answer 7

Normally a result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart pumping action
- can result in hypostatic congestion or cyanosis

Question 8

Cyanosis

Answer 8

Bluish discoloration of the tissues from an oxygenated blood

Question 9

Thrombosis

Answer 9

The formation of a solid mass, or blood clot within the heart or vessels of the body

Question 10

Thrombus

Answer 10

A blood clot

Question 11

Embolism

Answer 11

The condition of an object, floating through the bloodstream and causing an obstruction in a vessel

Question 12

Embolus

Answer 12

An object that floats through the bloodstream and causes an obstruction

Question 13

Difference between embolus and thrombus

Answer 13

• An embolus moves through the circulatory system until becoming inlodged
• A thrombus becomes inlodged where they form
• Although emboli and thrombi have differences, they may cause the same results

Question 14

Ischemia

Answer 14

• Decreased blood flow to a body part
• ischemia make cause an infarction

Question 15

Infarction/ischemic necrosis

Answer 15

An area of tissue which has been deprived of blood supply dies

Question 16

Infarct

Answer 16

The area of tissue that has died from an infarction

Question 17

Gangrene/Necrosis

Answer 17

• The death of tissue often occurs in the extremities or skin from loss of blood supply.
• The result of an infarction
• 2 types: dry, gangrene and wet/moist gangrene

Question 18

Dry gangrene/coagulation necrosis/ischemic necrosis

Answer 18

• Dry gangrene occurs when the blood supply to tissue is cut off.
• The area becomes dry, shrinks, and turns black

Question 19

Wet/moist/true gangrene
Liquefication necrosis

Answer 19

• Necrotic tissue which has been invaded by bacteria
• often associated with disturbances in the venous return of blood from an area

Question 20

Hemorrhage

Answer 20

• Escape of blood from the vascular system
• Often associated with a break in the walls of a vessel
  (11 types)

Question 21

Petechiae

Answer 21

• Pinpoint hemorrhages
  (appearance based hemorrhage)

Question 22

Ecchymosis

Answer 22

• Larger, irregular patches of hemorrhage in the tissues
  (appearance based hemorrhage)

Question 23

Purpura

Answer 23

Widespread areas of hemorrhage into the skin and mucous membranes
(appearance based hemorrhage)

Question 24

Hematoma

Answer 24

• Tumor like swelling filled with blood
  (Ex. Blood blister)
  (appearance based hemorrhage)

Question 25

Melena

Answer 25

- Very dark tarry feces or vomit (appearance based hemorrhage)

Question 26

Hemothorax

Answer 26

Bleeding from the plural/thoracic cavity (location based hemorrhage)

Question 27

Hemapericardium

Answer 27

- Bleeding into the pericardial cavity (location based hemorrhage)

Question 28

Hemoperitoneum

Answer 28

- bleeding into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity (location based hemorrhage)

Question 29

Hemoptysis

Answer 29

Blood in the sputum or from the lungs (location based hemorrhage)

Question 30

Hematemesis

Answer 30

Blood in the vomit, or from the stomach (upper digestive system) (location based hemorrhage)

Question 31

Epistaxis

Answer 31

Bleeding from the nose (location based hemorrhage)

Question 32

Coagulation

Answer 32

The process of blood changing from a liquid, free-flowing form, into a semi solid state

Question 33

Circulatory shock

Answer 33

the condition which results from a serious reduction of blood flow in the body, resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues Symptoms: state of collapse, depressed vital signs; weak, rapid pulse; low blood pressure; shallow breathing; cold and clammy skin

Question 34

Fainting/syncope

Answer 34

- Temporary loss of consciousness - Often described as a mild form of shock - due to a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain or low blood pressure

Question 35

Edema

Answer 35

Excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body - Extravascular condition (five types: anasarca, exudate, hydrothorax, Hydropericardium, ascites)

Question 36

Anasarca

Answer 36

Generalized or widespread edema

Question 37

Exudate

Answer 37

Edema that occurs around an inflammation site

Question 38

Hydrothorax

Answer 38

Edema of the pleural cavity

Question 39

Hydropericardium

Answer 39

Edema of the pericardial cavity

Question 40

Ascites

Answer 40

Edema of the peritoneal cavity

Question 41

Dehydration/desiccation

Answer 41

Decrease in total body fluids