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Pathology > (Q4) Diseases of the Respiratory System (Ch.11) > Flashcards

(Q4) Diseases of the Respiratory System (Ch.11) Flashcards

1
Q

Disorders of the Upper Respiratory System

A
  • Disorders that affect the nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx).
  • Common Cold
  • Rhinitis
    -Sinusitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Hay Fever
  • Influenza
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2
Q

Common Cold

A
  • Coryza
  • Acute viral infection of the upper respiratory system
  • Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses are the leading cause of the common cold but hundreds of viruses can cause the common cold
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3
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal passages

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4
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

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5
Q

Pharyngitis

A
  • Inflammation of the throat (pharynx)
  • Common cause of pathological pharyngitis is strep. pyogenes
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6
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the voice box (larynx)

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7
Q

Hay Fever

A
  • Seasonal Allergies
  • An allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, and other similar symptoms from grass or tree pollen
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8
Q

Influenza

A
  • Flu
  • Common viral infection affecting the upper respiratory system
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9
Q

Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System

A
  • Disorders affecting the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli of the lungs.
  • Tracheitis
  • Bronchitis
  • Asthma
  • Pneumonia/Pneumonitis
  • Lobar Pneumonia
  • Pleuritis/Pleurisy
  • Bronchial Pneumonia
  • Empyema/Pyothorax
  • Pleural Effusion/Hydrothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Pneumothorax
  • Atelectasis
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Forms of Tuberculosis
  • Lung Carcinoma
  • Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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10
Q

Tracheitis

A

Inflammation of the windpipe (trachea)

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11
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchi
  • Can be acute or chronic
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12
Q

Asthma

A
  • An allergic diseases characterized by hypersecretion of mucous and spasms of the bronchial muscles
  • Hypersensitivity to certain antigens triggers asthma attacks
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13
Q

Pneumonia/Pneumonitis

A
  • Inflammation of the lungs, with the collection of inflammatory exudates in the alveoli
  • Many microorganisms cause pneumonia: Mycoplasma pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pneumocystis jirivecii, etc
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14
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

A
  • One of the more common forms of pneumonia
  • Pneumonia that is localized in one or two lobes of the lungs
    -Can be caused by strep. pneumonia, klebsiella pneumoniae
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15
Q

Pleuritis/Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura (the serous membranes of the lungs)

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16
Q

Bronchial Pneumonia/Bronchopneumonia

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles; tends to be scattered throughout the lungs
  • Is often a secondary infection
  • Does not resolve as well as lobar pneumonia
  • Predisposed to chronic recurrences
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17
Q

Hemorrhagic Pleurisy

A

Blood is found in the pleural space

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18
Q

Empyema/Pyothorax

A

The presence of inflammatory fluid or pus within the chest cavity

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19
Q

Pleural Effusion/Hydrothorax

A

Collection of serous fluid within the pleural cavities

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20
Q

Hemothorax

A

Collection of blood in the pleural cavities

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21
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collection of air in the pleural cavities

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22
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed Lung
- Loss of lung volume due to inadequate expansion of airspaces
- Two types: obstructive and nonobstructive

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23
Q

Obstructive Atelectasis

A
  • Most common form of collapsed lung
  • Collapsed lung due to the trachea or bronchi becomes blocked
24
Q

Non-obstructive Atelectasis

A
  • Collapsed lung caused by the loss of contact between the parietal and visceral pleurae, compression, loss of surfactant, and replacement of lung tissue by scarring
  • Trapped air (or blood) between the outside and inside of the lung prevents expansion and causes collapse (pneumothorax or hemothorax)
25
Common Causes of Atelectasis
- Obstruction of a bronchus - Bronchitis - Tumor - Pyothorax, Hydrothorax, Pneumothorax - Congenital Condition
26
Emphysema
- Long-term, chronic deterioration and destruction of lung tissue (alveoli) - Often a complication of chronic bronchitis and other respiratory irritations (smoking, pollutants etc)
27
What is the end result of emphysema?
- Poor exchange of respiratory gases due to irritation and excess mucous production with the bronchi and bronchioles - The breakdown of the wall of the alveoli cause them to join together into larger functionless sacs called **bullae**.
28
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
An umbrella term encompassing the various conditions which cause long-term interference with the normal respiratory exchange of gases - Emphysema - Chronic bronchitis - Bronchial asthma
29
Cystic Fibrosis
- A disorder that damages the lungs, digestive tract and other organs. - Hereditary disease mostly affecting children: no cure - Name refers to the characteristic scarring ( fibrosis) and cyst formation within the pancreas - Can also cause: respiratory obstruction, predisposition of other respiratory infections
30
Pneumoconiosis
- Infiltration and discoloration of the lungs due to prolonged inhalation of dust - Four types: silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, berylliosis
31
Silicosis
- Inhalation of fine particles of silica, stone dust (mining, sandblasting, rock quarrying)
32
Anthracosis
- Black Lung Disease - Due to inhalation of coal dust
33
Asbestosis
Inhalation of asbestos fibers (manufacture of insulation)
34
Berylliosis
A pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of beryllium dust
35
Tuberculosis
- Serious infectious and communicable diseases caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Is becoming multi-drug resistant
36
Virulence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
- Cell wall - High lipid/waxy content - protects it from germicides and adverse environmental factors - Can exist for long periods of time dried specks of sputum or blood - Droplet and airborne transmission
37
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Most common form of tuberculosis - Can also affect any body organ, especially the brain, kidneys, intestines, bones and skin
38
Disseminated Tuberculosis/ Miliary Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis that spreads through the blood and lymphatic vessels. - Tubercules formed resembled millets seeds, so it is called miliary tuberculosis
39
Chronic Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis characterized by the formation of tubercles
40
Caseation Necrosis
The soft cheese-like mass that forms with the tubercles
41
Cold Abscess
Liquefaction of the tubercle
42
Cavitation
Growth of a tubercle erodes the wall of a bronchus and the contents are thrown off into the air passage way, leaving an empty cavity
43
Hemoptysis
- blood in the sputum - Often associated with tuberculosis - Tubercle formation can damage blood vessels
44
Emaciation and Dehydration
- The state of being excessively thin and wasted. - loss of body fluid - Can be due to the chronic, debilitating nature of the disease
45
Carcinoma of the Lungs
- Malignant tumors affecting the lungs - One of the leading forms of cancer in the US - Can be localized or metastasize to other areas of the body - Smoking increases one's risk of lung cancer - Two categories: Small Cell, Non-small Cell
46
Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Small Cell Carinomas/Oat Cell Carcinomas - associated with a history of cigarette smoking - grow rapidly and metastasize
47
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
- Three types: Squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma
48
Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- Cancer that begins in the bronchi and associated with smoking
49
Adenocarcinoma Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Cancer that develops along the outer edges of the lungs and under the membranes lining the bronchi
50
Large Cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- A group of cancers with large, abnormal-looking cells called giant or clear cells - Can appear in any part of the lung or metastasize
51
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
- Cancer of one of the main bronchi - Can cause atelectasis (collapsed lung)
52
Lung Abscess
An area of inflamed, pus-filled tissue in the lung caused by infection
53
Respiratory Polyps
A tumor with a pedicle, which is a stem that attaches it to surrounding tissue and supplies it with blood
54
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
- Carbon Monoxide: Colorless, tasteless odorless, nonirritating gas produced by burning material containing carbon - A silent killer - Causes cherry red discoloration in the skin by the production of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood
55
Flail Chest
The paradoxical movement of a segment of chest wall caused by three or more ribs broken in two or more places
56
Asphyxia
The inability to take in necessary amounts of oxygen
57
Embalming Considerations for Respiratory System Diseases
- Emaciation often accompanies diseases like tuberculosis and cancer - Dehydration often accompanies tuberculosis, cancer, and pneumonia - Rapid blood coagulation - Rapid decomposition - Edema (hydrothorax) - Cyanosis

Pathology (19 decks)

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