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Pathology > (Q4) Diseases of the Respiratory System (Ch.11) > Flashcards

(Q4) Diseases of the Respiratory System (Ch.11) Flashcards

1
Q

Disorders of the Upper Respiratory System

A
  • Disorders that affect the nose or nostrils, nasal cavity, mouth, throat (pharynx), and voice box (larynx).
  • Common Cold
  • Rhinitis
    -Sinusitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Hay Fever
  • Influenza
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2
Q

Common Cold

A
  • Coryza
  • Acute viral infection of the upper respiratory system
  • Rhinoviruses and Coronaviruses are the leading cause of the common cold but hundreds of viruses can cause the common cold
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3
Q

Rhinitis

A

Inflammation of the nasal passages

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4
Q

Sinusitis

A

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

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5
Q

Pharyngitis

A
  • Inflammation of the throat (pharynx)
  • Common cause of pathological pharyngitis is strep. pyogenes
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6
Q

Laryngitis

A

Inflammation of the voice box (larynx)

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7
Q

Hay Fever

A
  • Seasonal Allergies
  • An allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes, sneezing, and other similar symptoms from grass or tree pollen
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8
Q

Influenza

A
  • Flu
  • Common viral infection affecting the upper respiratory system
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9
Q

Disorders of the Lower Respiratory System

A
  • Disorders affecting the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli of the lungs.
  • Tracheitis
  • Bronchitis
  • Asthma
  • Pneumonia/Pneumonitis
  • Lobar Pneumonia
  • Pleuritis/Pleurisy
  • Bronchial Pneumonia
  • Empyema/Pyothorax
  • Pleural Effusion/Hydrothorax
  • Hemothorax
  • Pneumothorax
  • Atelectasis
  • Emphysema
  • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Pneumoconiosis
  • Forms of Tuberculosis
  • Lung Carcinoma
  • Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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10
Q

Tracheitis

A

Inflammation of the windpipe (trachea)

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11
Q

Bronchitis

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchi
  • Can be acute or chronic
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12
Q

Asthma

A
  • An allergic diseases characterized by hypersecretion of mucous and spasms of the bronchial muscles
  • Hypersensitivity to certain antigens triggers asthma attacks
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13
Q

Pneumonia/Pneumonitis

A
  • Inflammation of the lungs, with the collection of inflammatory exudates in the alveoli
  • Many microorganisms cause pneumonia: Mycoplasma pneumonia, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pneumocystis jirivecii, etc
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14
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

A
  • One of the more common forms of pneumonia
  • Pneumonia that is localized in one or two lobes of the lungs
    -Can be caused by strep. pneumonia, klebsiella pneumoniae
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15
Q

Pleuritis/Pleurisy

A

Inflammation of the pleura (the serous membranes of the lungs)

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16
Q

Bronchial Pneumonia/Bronchopneumonia

A
  • Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles; tends to be scattered throughout the lungs
  • Is often a secondary infection
  • Does not resolve as well as lobar pneumonia
  • Predisposed to chronic recurrences
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17
Q

Hemorrhagic Pleurisy

A

Blood is found in the pleural space

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18
Q

Empyema/Pyothorax

A

The presence of inflammatory fluid or pus within the chest cavity

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19
Q

Pleural Effusion/Hydrothorax

A

Collection of serous fluid within the pleural cavities

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20
Q

Hemothorax

A

Collection of blood in the pleural cavities

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21
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collection of air in the pleural cavities

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22
Q

Atelectasis

A

Collapsed Lung
- Loss of lung volume due to inadequate expansion of airspaces
- Two types: obstructive and nonobstructive

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23
Q

Obstructive Atelectasis

A
  • Most common form of collapsed lung
  • Collapsed lung due to the trachea or bronchi becomes blocked
24
Q

Non-obstructive Atelectasis

A
  • Collapsed lung caused by the loss of contact between the parietal and visceral pleurae, compression, loss of surfactant, and replacement of lung tissue by scarring
  • Trapped air (or blood) between the outside and inside of the lung prevents expansion and causes collapse (pneumothorax or hemothorax)
25
Q

Common Causes of Atelectasis

A
  • Obstruction of a bronchus
  • Bronchitis
  • Tumor
  • Pyothorax, Hydrothorax, Pneumothorax
  • Congenital Condition
26
Q

Emphysema

A
  • Long-term, chronic deterioration and destruction of lung tissue (alveoli)
  • Often a complication of chronic bronchitis and other respiratory irritations (smoking, pollutants etc)
27
Q

What is the end result of emphysema?

A
  • Poor exchange of respiratory gases due to irritation and excess mucous production with the bronchi and bronchioles
  • The breakdown of the wall of the alveoli cause them to join together into larger functionless sacs called bullae.
28
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A

An umbrella term encompassing the various conditions which cause long-term interference with the normal respiratory exchange of gases
- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
- Bronchial asthma

29
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • A disorder that damages the lungs, digestive tract and other organs.
  • Hereditary disease mostly affecting children: no cure
  • Name refers to the characteristic scarring ( fibrosis) and cyst formation within the pancreas
  • Can also cause: respiratory obstruction, predisposition of other respiratory infections
30
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A
  • Infiltration and discoloration of the lungs due to prolonged inhalation of dust
  • Four types: silicosis, anthracosis, asbestosis, berylliosis
31
Q

Silicosis

A
  • Inhalation of fine particles of silica, stone dust (mining, sandblasting, rock quarrying)
32
Q

Anthracosis

A
  • Black Lung Disease
  • Due to inhalation of coal dust
33
Q

Asbestosis

A

Inhalation of asbestos fibers (manufacture of insulation)

34
Q

Berylliosis

A

A pneumoconiosis caused by the inhalation of beryllium dust

35
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Serious infectious and communicable diseases caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Is becoming multi-drug resistant
36
Q

Virulence of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

A
  • Cell wall
  • High lipid/waxy content
  • protects it from germicides and adverse environmental factors
  • Can exist for long periods of time dried specks of sputum or blood
  • Droplet and airborne transmission
37
Q

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

A
  • Most common form of tuberculosis
  • Can also affect any body organ, especially the brain, kidneys, intestines, bones and skin
38
Q

Disseminated Tuberculosis/ Miliary Tuberculosis

A
  • Tuberculosis that spreads through the blood and lymphatic vessels.
  • Tubercules formed resembled millets seeds, so it is called miliary tuberculosis
39
Q

Chronic Tuberculosis

A
  • Tuberculosis characterized by the formation of tubercles
40
Q

Caseation Necrosis

A

The soft cheese-like mass that forms with the tubercles

41
Q

Cold Abscess

A

Liquefaction of the tubercle

42
Q

Cavitation

A

Growth of a tubercle erodes the wall of a bronchus and the contents are thrown off into the air passage way, leaving an empty cavity

43
Q

Hemoptysis

A
  • blood in the sputum
  • Often associated with tuberculosis
  • Tubercle formation can damage blood vessels
44
Q

Emaciation and Dehydration

A
  • The state of being excessively thin and wasted.
  • loss of body fluid
  • Can be due to the chronic, debilitating nature of the disease
45
Q

Carcinoma of the Lungs

A
  • Malignant tumors affecting the lungs
  • One of the leading forms of cancer in the US
  • Can be localized or metastasize to other areas of the body
  • Smoking increases one’s risk of lung cancer
  • Two categories: Small Cell, Non-small Cell
46
Q

Small Cell Lung Cancer

A
  • Small Cell Carinomas/Oat Cell Carcinomas
  • associated with a history of cigarette smoking
  • grow rapidly and metastasize
47
Q

Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

A
  • Three types: Squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma
48
Q

Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A
  • Cancer that begins in the bronchi and associated with smoking
49
Q

Adenocarcinoma Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

A

Cancer that develops along the outer edges of the lungs and under the membranes lining the bronchi

50
Q

Large Cell Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

A
  • A group of cancers with large, abnormal-looking cells called giant or clear cells
  • Can appear in any part of the lung or metastasize
51
Q

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

A
  • Cancer of one of the main bronchi
  • Can cause atelectasis (collapsed lung)
52
Q

Lung Abscess

A

An area of inflamed, pus-filled tissue in the lung caused by infection

53
Q

Respiratory Polyps

A

A tumor with a pedicle, which is a stem that attaches it to surrounding tissue and supplies it with blood

54
Q

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

A
  • Carbon Monoxide: Colorless, tasteless odorless, nonirritating gas produced by burning material containing carbon
  • A silent killer
  • Causes cherry red discoloration in the skin by the production of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood
55
Q

Flail Chest

A

The paradoxical movement of a segment of chest wall caused by three or more ribs broken in two or more places

56
Q

Asphyxia

A

The inability to take in necessary amounts of oxygen

57
Q

Embalming Considerations for Respiratory System Diseases

A
  • Emaciation often accompanies diseases like tuberculosis and cancer
  • Dehydration often accompanies tuberculosis, cancer, and pneumonia
  • Rapid blood coagulation
  • Rapid decomposition
  • Edema (hydrothorax)
  • Cyanosis

Pathology (19 decks)

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