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AU17: Gen Pathology > Pulmonary Pathology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

____________ is a respiratory disease that is one of the leading causes of death.

A

Pneumonia

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2
Q

T/F: Any organism can cause pneumonia.

A

True

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3
Q

What are some predisposing factors to bacterial pneumonia?

A
  1. Loss of cough reflex
  2. Injury to cilia
  3. Decreased phagocytosis
  4. Pulmonary edema
  5. Immunocompromised condition
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4
Q

What is often the cause of loss of cilia?

A

Smoking

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5
Q

Which type of pneumonia starts in the bronchi and is considered a patchy pneumonia?

A

Bronchopneumonia

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6
Q

Which type of pneumonia will affect the entire lobe?

A

Lobar pneumonia

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7
Q

T/F: Lobar pneumonia is seen more in adults, while bronchopneumonia is associated with young and older.

A

True

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8
Q

Which type of bacteria almost always causes lobar pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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9
Q

What are the stages of lobar pneumonia?

A
  1. Congestion
  2. Red Hepatization
  3. Gray hepatization
  4. Resolution
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10
Q

What are some complications of lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia?

A
  1. Empyema
  2. Abscess
  3. Pericarditis
  4. Bacteremia
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11
Q

What is fibrinous pleuritis?

A

Inflammation extending out to the pleura of the lung

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12
Q

What type of organism typically causes atypical (interstitial) pneumonia?

A

Viruses or mycoplasma

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13
Q

Which type of pneumonia typically causes a dry cough? Why?

A

Atypical pneumonia; viruses are taking up all of the WBCs

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14
Q

Hyaline membranes are produced in ______________ and can impair the ability to exchange oxygen.

A

Atypical pneumonia

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15
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A

Injury to endothelium and alveolar epithelium; causes them to be very permeable and not exchange gases well

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16
Q

How can interstitial pneumonia lead to ARDS?

A

Hyaline membranes causes damage to alveolar epithelium

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17
Q

The most likely cause of ARDS is _________ or ___________.

A

Burns; Infection

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18
Q

What are some predisposing factors to pulmonary abscesses?

A

Aspiration, bronchiectasis, septic emboli, airway obstruction, dental sepsis

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19
Q

What is the course of a pulmonary abscess?

A

It can scar, cavitate, or progressively get larger

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20
Q

Tuberculosis infects about ____ of the world population?

A

1/3

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21
Q

__________ is the most common infectious cause of death.

A

Tuberculosis

3 million deaths/year

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22
Q

What type of bacteria causes tuberculosis?

A

Mycobacterium

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23
Q

Caseating granulomatous inflammation is a classic tissue reaction for which bacteria?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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24
Q

How is tuberculosis acquired?

A

Inhalation

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25
Q

What is the difference between a Ghon lesion and Ghon complex?

A

Lesion: site of early infection

Complex: lesion + hilar lymph nodes

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26
Q

What can cavitary TB lead to?

A

Spread of infection into the mouth or pleura

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27
Q

Reactivation of tuberculosis induces type IV ______________ and tissue __________.

A

Hypersensitivity; necrosis

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28
Q

What is miliary TB?

A

Wide spread TB often caused by reactivation

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29
Q

If caseous necrosis is seen in organs other than the lungs, what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Miliary TB

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30
Q

What is a common (in Ohio) fungal infection causing granulomatous lung disease?

A

Histoplasmosis

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31
Q

What are the risk factors for lung cancer?

A
  1. Cigarette smoking
  2. Asbestos
  3. Radon gas
  4. Nickel, chromates, pollutants, lung scar
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32
Q

T/F: Although lung cancer is not the most common cancer in men and women, it is the most fatal.

A

True

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33
Q

T/F: Lung cancers often do not produce clinical symptoms until they are highly advanced.

A

True

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34
Q

Which two types of lung cancer are most strongly associated with smoking?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma and small cell (oat cell) carcinoma

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35
Q

T/F: Lung tumors may produce hormones.

A

True

36
Q

Mesothelioma is a malignancy associated with the __________ cavity and is at high risk from ___________ exposure.

A

Pleural; asbestos

37
Q

What is pneumoconiosis?

A

Inhaled particles (dust) induce fibrosis in the lungs

38
Q

T/F: Larger particles are the most dangerous in causing pneumoconiosis.

A

False

Particles 1-5 micrometers in diameter

39
Q

Which lung disease is often considered an occupational and environmental disease?

A

Pneumoconiosis

40
Q

What is the most prevalent form of occupational disease worldwide?

A

Silicosis

41
Q

Which lung is slightly heavier?

A

Right lung

42
Q

T/F: Lungs have dual blood supply.

A

True

Pulmonary and bronchial

43
Q

Breathing requires _________ and _________ control.

A

Muscle; neural

44
Q

_________ is the major defense of the upper respiratory tract. ____________ are the main defenses of the lower respiratory tract.

A

Filtering; mucociliary units

45
Q

What is secreted by type II pneumocytes?

A

Surfactant

46
Q

In the alveoli _____________ provide an immune defense.

A

Macrophages

47
Q

What is hemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood

48
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Difficulty breathing; shortness of breath

49
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Collapse of lung volume

50
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural space that can lead to collapse of the lung

51
Q

What is an empyema?

A

Suppuration in pleural cavity

52
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Fluid in the pleural space

53
Q

What type of fluid is increased in a patient with pneumonia?

A

Exudate (high protein)

54
Q

In pulmonary edema, accumulation will begin in the _____________ and eventually in the _________.

A

Interstitial tissue; lungs

55
Q

What are three possible causes of pulmonary edema?

A
  1. Increased intravascular pressure (CHF)
  2. Hypoproteinemia (low protein)
  3. Vascular damage (infection, autoimmune diseases)
56
Q

What are the two major problems with pulmonary edema?

A
  1. Stops O2 exchange

2. Risk for infection

57
Q

What are four classic disorders that fall under obstructive pulmonary disease?

A
  1. Emphysema
  2. Chronic bronchitis
  3. Bronchiectasis
  4. Asthma
58
Q

What is a term that normally encompasses both emphysema and chronic bronchitis?

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

59
Q

What is the major cause of imbalance leading to Emphysema?

A

Smoking

60
Q

What defines emphysema?

A

Permanent enlargement of the airways due to destruction of alveolar septal walls

61
Q

The pathogenesis of emphysema involves an imbalance between ___________ and anti-__________ enzymes. (Same word)

A

Protease

62
Q

What is the difference between centriacinar and panacinar emphysema?

A

Centriacinar - involves central portion of acini; often in upper lobe

Panacinar - involves entire acinar unit; usually in lower lobes

63
Q

___________ emphysema is normally associated with smoking, while __________ emphysema is normally associated with genetic deficiency.

A

Centriacinar; panacinar

64
Q

What is the definition of chronic bronchitis?

A

Cough and sputum production for 3 consecutive months in 2 consecutive years

65
Q

Destruction of terminal airspaces is a major characteristic of _________.

A

Emphysema

66
Q

Loss of elasticity is a major characteristic of __________.

A

Emphysema

67
Q

T/F: Those with emphysema are often described as “pink puffers.”

A

True

68
Q

T/F: Those with emphysema have trouble getting air in, but can exhale just fine.

A

FALSE

Struggle exhaling

69
Q

T/F: Those with emphysema are often called “blue bloaters.”

A

FALSE

Chronic bronchitis

70
Q

Do people with chronic bronchitis struggle inhaling or exhaling?

A

Inhaling

71
Q

T/F: Chronic bronchitis involves narrowing of the airways and secretion into the lumen.

A

True

72
Q

Mucus gland ____________ is a major factor in chronic bronchitis.

A

Hypertrophy

73
Q

A deficiency in which gene can lead to chronic bronchitis and panacinar emphysema?

A

Alpha1-AT

74
Q

What is the definition of bronchiectasis?

A

Chronic infection with permanent major airway dilation

75
Q

Bronchiectasis can be secondary to ______________ or ______________ or both.

A

Obstruction; infection

76
Q

T/F: Bronchiectasis presents clinically with bloody mucoid expectoration.

A

True

77
Q

What are some predisposing factors to bronchiectasis?

A
  1. Obstructive tumors
  2. Foreign bodies
  3. Cystic fibrosis
  4. other COPD
  5. Pneumonia
78
Q

What part of the bronchioles is affected by asthma?

A

Smooth muscle

79
Q

What are the initiating factors of asthma?

A

Allergies, infections, exercise, drugs, emotions

80
Q

Which children are at greater risk for asthma?

A

Inner city children

81
Q

What is the difference between atopic and non-atopic asthma?

A

Atopic: allergic/extrinsic; Type 1 hypersensitivity

Non-atopic: intrinsic; initiated by viruses, air pollutants

82
Q

What is the pathology for asthma?

A
  1. Increased mucus glands
  2. Smooth muscle hypertrophy
  3. Inflammation with EOSINOPHILS and type 2 helper cells
83
Q

What antibody often mediates problems with asthma (esp in atopic)?

A

IgE on mast cells

84
Q

What are the two treatment options for asthma?

A
  1. Inhalation bronchodilators for immediate relief (albuterol)
  2. Controller medications (corticosteroids)
85
Q

Asthma will present with irritability and prominence of the _____________ in bronchi and bronchioles.

A

Smooth muscles

AU17: Gen Pathology (22 decks)

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