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AU17: Gen Pathology > Neuropath > Flashcards

Neuropath Flashcards

1
Q

_______ are the functional units of the brain.

A

Neurons

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2
Q

The _____________ create the framework that supports the neurons.

A

Glial cells

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3
Q

Granular basophilic cytoplasmic material (RER) found in the neuron is called _____________.

A

Nissl substance

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4
Q

__________ are seen in hypoxia/ischemic injury to neurons due to cytoplasmic eosinophilia and nuclei pyknosis.

A

Red neurons

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5
Q

___________ are the major supporting cells in the brain.

A

Astrocytes

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6
Q

How do astrocytes respond to injury?

A

Reactive gliosis - will always reduce function

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7
Q

________________ form and maintain myelin in the central nervous system.

A

Oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

_____________ line the ventricles are vary from ciliated columnar to flattened cuboidal cells.

A

Ependymal cells

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9
Q

_____________ are derived from monocytes and appear as rod cells in some infections (Neurosyphilis).

A

Microglia

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10
Q

What happens to neurons and astrocytes in response to injury?

A

Neurons: shrinkage and degeneration

Astrocytes: repair/scar formation; Rosenthal fibers in chronic gliosis

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11
Q

The __________ produces cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Choroid plexus

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12
Q

What are the two mechanisms for cerebral edema?

A
  1. Vasogenic: blood-brain barrier disruption

2. Cytotoxic: secondary to glial or endothelial injury

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13
Q

T/F: Brain swelling is a major factor leading to increased intracranial pressure.

A

True

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14
Q

What are some classic indications of raised intracranial pressure?

A
  1. Headache
  2. Vomiting
  3. Papilledema (swelling of optic disk)
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15
Q

What is a brain herniation?

A

Part of brain is displaced to where it shouldn’t be - result of brain swelling.

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16
Q

Which brain herniation would result in the cerebellum being displaced?

A

Tonsillar herniation

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17
Q

An accumulation of excess CSF within the ventricular system is called a _____________.

A

Hydrocephalus

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18
Q

What are the two possible causes of hydrocephalus?

A
  1. Decreased CSF resorption: obstructed flow

2. Increased CSF production: rare tumor

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19
Q

T/F: Both cerebral edema and hydrocephalus increase intracranial pressure through similar methods.

A

False

Edema: brain swelling
Hydrocephalus: increased CSF volume in ventricles

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20
Q

T/F: Increased cranial pressure can lead to herniation.

A

True

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21
Q

What are the three common pathogenic mechanisms for a stroke?

A
  1. Thrombus occludes vessel
  2. Moving thrombus (embolus) occludes vessel
  3. Rupture of vessel
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22
Q

____________ is the most common underlying cause of brain infarction.

A

Atherosclerosis

Especially of MCA

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23
Q

What is the progression of brain infarction like?

A 
First 12 hours - normal
24-36 hrs - red neurons and neutrophils
3rd day - macrophages
1 month - cavitated lesions
6 moths - smooth walled cavity

Liquefactive necrosis!

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of acute brain infarction?

A

Red neurons and neutrophils

25
Q

__________ are a characteristic of subacute brain infarction.

A

Macrophages

26
Q

What are the most common sites of intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage?

A

Basal ganglia and pons

27
Q

What is the most common cause/site of a subarachnoid brain hemorrhage?

A

Rupture of berry aneurysms on MCA in circle of Willis

28
Q

What is the most common vascular malformation leading to a brain hemorrhage?

A

Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

29
Q

What is the leading cause of traumatic brain injury?

A

Motor vehicle accident

30
Q

An __________ is often the result of blunt force skull fracture and involves the rupture of a meningeal artery (arterial bleeding).

A

Epidural hematoma

31
Q

An epidural hematoma results in a _____________, where the affected is still conscious before eventually falling unconscious.

A

Lucid interval

32
Q

A subdural hematoma results in __________ bleeding between the dura and arachnoid membranes.

A

Venous

33
Q

A contusion directly under the trauma point is a ________ lesion, while a contusion opposite the impact is called a ____________ lesion.

A

Coup; countrecoup

34
Q

T/F: In a gunshot injury, the entry wound often causes more damage than the exit wound.

A

False

Exit wound is worse

35
Q

Acute bacterial meningitis spreads through the _____________.

A

Subarachnoid spaces

36
Q

Acute bacterial meningitis is caused by ____________.

A

Pyogenic bacteria

37
Q

T/F: Brain abscesses can be caused by bacterial spread from dental roots.

A

True

38
Q

What type of meningitis is caused by bacteria in soil and bird poop?

A

Cryptococcal meningitis (chronic)

39
Q

T/F: Encephalitis is caused by a variety of bacteria.

A

False

Viral (herpes, arboviruses, HIV, etc.)

40
Q

What is characteristic of a viral brain infection?

A

Cowdry type A viral inclusions (Herpes)

41
Q

T/F: A neutrophil response will be seen with encephalitis.

A

False

Lymphocytes for virus

42
Q

What is the most common demyelinating disorder?

A

Multiple sclerosis

43
Q

Patients with MS will have __________, irregular areas of demyelination.

A

MS plaques

44
Q

__________ is the most common cause of dementia.

A

Alzheimer’s

45
Q

T/F: Alzheimer’s disease is often sporadic.

A

True

Rarely familial

46
Q

Alzheimer’s will show ____________ outside of the cells, and __________ within the cells.

A

Plaques; tangles

47
Q

____________ involves degeneration of dopamine-secreting neurons of substantia nigra in the midbrain.

A

Parkinson’s Disease

48
Q

Parkinson’s Disease is characterized by eosinophilic inclusions known as ___________.

A

Lewy bodies

49
Q

T/F: Patients with Parkinson’s will have an emotionless face.

A

True

50
Q

____________ is a hereditary disorder.

A

Huntington’s Disease

51
Q

The gene for Huntington’s Disease is located on which chromosome?

A

Chromosome 4

52
Q

T/F: With brain tumors, location is more important than tumor type.

A

True

53
Q

T/F: Brain tumors often metastasize outside of the CNS.

A

False

54
Q

T/F: Most brain tumors are metastasized from somewhere else.

A

True

55
Q

What is the most common adult brain tumor?

A

Astrocytoma

Cerebral hemisphere

56
Q

What is special about ependymomas?

A

Adult brain tumors that will bring blood supply with them via perivascular pseudorosettes

57
Q

Cellular whorls and psammoma bodies are characteristic of a ____________.

A

Meningioma

Can cause lumps in the head

58
Q

T/F: Medulloblastoma is a common brain cancer seen in children.

A

True

59
Q

Homer-Wright rosettes are characteristic of ___________.

A

Medulloblastoma

AU17: Gen Pathology (22 decks)

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