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AU17: Gen Pathology > Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

Environmental Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

How do chemical agents get through the initial immune barriers?

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Ingestion
  3. Injection
  4. Absorption thru the skin
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2
Q

T/F: Children account for over 60% of chemical agent injuries.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

What does CLADME stand for?

A 
Concentration
Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
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4
Q

T/F: As little as 2-4 grams of aspirin can be fatal to kids.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) has a higher potential for overdose than aspirin.

A

FALSE

Acetaminophen is fairly safe

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6
Q

What are some potential dangers with Exogenous Estrogens?

A

Elevated risks for breast cancer, strokes, and blood clots

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7
Q

How much Pb is taken up by bones and developing teeth?

A

85%

Competes with Ca and interferes with remodeling

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8
Q

What might a dark thin line around the gingival margin denote in a patient who may have been a miner for many years?

A

Lead poisoning

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9
Q

Alcohol (EtOH) is what type of drug of abuse?

A

Sedative-hypnotic

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10
Q

What drug of abuse will often cause bruxism?

A

Ecstasy (MDMA)

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11
Q

Hyperthermia (burns) lead to ______ deaths/yr in the U.S.

A

5000

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12
Q

What is the operating temperature range of the human body?

A

31-41 degrees C

89-106 degrees F

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13
Q

Explain the rule of 9s relating to surface area of burn victims.

A

Head and arm are 9% a piece

Front, back, and each leg is 18% a piece

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14
Q

How much of the body needs to be involved for a burn victim to have a grave prognosis?

A

> 50% body surface area

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15
Q

_______ is common when > 20% of body surface area is burnt.

A

Shock

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16
Q

Between heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, which one has the highest mortality rate?

A

Heat Stroke

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17
Q

How does radiation injure cells?

A
  1. Target Effect = Direct damage to DNA

2. Indirect Effect = production of free radicals

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18
Q

______ is the old unit for exposure, ________ is the new unit that factors in biological effect.

A

Gray; Sievert

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19
Q

Which body system is the most sensitive to radiation injury?

A

Hematopoietic/lymphoid tissues

Make patients very susceptible to infections

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20
Q

Where does the lethal range of radiation begin in Sieverts? At what point is death certain w/o treatment?

A

2 Sv; 7 Sv

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21
Q

In what order will total body effects be seen based on severity of exposure?

A

Hematopoietic -> GI -> Cerebral

22
Q

________ malnutrition is an issue with ingesting proper nutrition. _________ malnutrition is a problem with absorbing, storing, or utilizing the food.

A

Primary; Secondary

23
Q

T/F: Worldwide, 25% of children are affected with Protein-Energy Malnutrition.

A

True

24
Q

What are thee two major forms of PEM?

A
  1. Marasmus

2. Kwashiorkor

25
Q

Describe the look of a child with Marasmus?

A

Head looks to big for the body

Muscle waisting

26
Q

What would a child look like with Kwashiorkor?

A

Look swollen and puffy due to lots of edema

27
Q

What is a common treatment for children with Marasmus to fight T-cell deficiencies?

A

Injections - Thrush

28
Q

Which major organ is effected in Kwashiorkor?

A

Liver

29
Q

What are the three active forms of vitamin A?

A
  1. Retinal
  2. Retinol
  3. Retinoic acid
30
Q

How long can vitamin A be stored?

A

6-12 months

31
Q

What are three functions of Vitamin A?

A
  1. Maintiain vision in reduced light
  2. Differentiation of epithelial cells
  3. Enhances immunity
32
Q

T/F: Work related injuries occur 2x as often as home injuries and have an annual cost of over $25 billion.

A

True

33
Q

Which medication is most often associated with anaphylaxis?

A

Penicillin (and other antibiotics)

34
Q

T/F: Aspirin overdose happens via liver damage.

A

FALSE

Aspirin: metabolic
Acetaminophen: liver

35
Q

T/F: Oral contraceptives in long term use may have negative effects including blood clots, strokes, and breast cancer.

A

True

36
Q

Cocaine, amphetamines, and weight loss products are examples of what type of drugs?

A

CNS stimulants

37
Q

Heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine are examples of which type of drugs?

A

Opioids

38
Q

LSD, mescaline, PCP, and ketamine are examples of which type of drugs?

A

Hallucagins

39
Q

Glues, toluene, paint thinner, gasoline, and nitrous oxide are examples of which type of drugs?

A

Inhalants

40
Q

What are some possible complications from inhalation of fumes with a burn victim?

A

Respiratory tract damage and delayed ARDS

41
Q

T/F: Hypothermia can be promoted by vasodilation.

A

True

Easier to get hypothermia when drunk

42
Q

What temp would the body need to drop to for severe hypothermia?

A

< 28 degrees C (82 degrees F)

43
Q

What are some pathological features of hypothermia?

A

Bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, loss of consciousness

44
Q

What element in the Earth’s crust is often found to cause radiation poisoning?

A

Radon

45
Q

A nutritional diet provides what essential things?

A
  1. Carbs, protein, fat for metabolism
  2. Amino acids and fatty acids
  3. Vitamins and minerals
46
Q

Marasmus depletes the _________ protein stores, while Kwashiorkor depletes the _________ protein stores.

A

somatic; visceral

47
Q

T/F: In Marasmus there is a deficiency in protein but overall calorie intake is okay.

A

FALSE

Marasmus = calorie deficiency
Kwashiorkor = dietary protein deficiency
48
Q

When a child’s weight falls to ____ he is considered malnourished. When it falls to _____ he has Marasmus.

A

80%; 60%

49
Q

What can be seen in cancer patients that resembles the malnourished state of Marasmus?

A

Cachexia

50
Q

Over ____ of Vitamin A is stored in the liver where there are enough reserves for _____ months.

A

90%; 6-12

51
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

A
  1. Vision at night
  2. Differentiation of specialized epithelium (mucus secreting)
  3. Enhance immunity
52
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin C?

A
  1. Form and stabilize collagen
  2. Tyrosine -> catecholamines
  3. Antioxidant

AU17: Gen Pathology (22 decks)

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