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AU17: Gen Pathology > Environmental Pathology > Flashcards

Environmental Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

How do chemical agents get through the initial immune barriers?

A
  1. Inhalation
  2. Ingestion
  3. Injection
  4. Absorption thru the skin
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2
Q

T/F: Children account for over 60% of chemical agent injuries.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

What does CLADME stand for?

A 
Concentration
Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
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4
Q

T/F: As little as 2-4 grams of aspirin can be fatal to kids.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) has a higher potential for overdose than aspirin.

A

FALSE

Acetaminophen is fairly safe

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6
Q

What are some potential dangers with Exogenous Estrogens?

A

Elevated risks for breast cancer, strokes, and blood clots

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7
Q

How much Pb is taken up by bones and developing teeth?

A

85%

Competes with Ca and interferes with remodeling

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8
Q

What might a dark thin line around the gingival margin denote in a patient who may have been a miner for many years?

A

Lead poisoning

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9
Q

Alcohol (EtOH) is what type of drug of abuse?

A

Sedative-hypnotic

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10
Q

What drug of abuse will often cause bruxism?

A

Ecstasy (MDMA)

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11
Q

Hyperthermia (burns) lead to ______ deaths/yr in the U.S.

A

5000

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12
Q

What is the operating temperature range of the human body?

A

31-41 degrees C

89-106 degrees F

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13
Q

Explain the rule of 9s relating to surface area of burn victims.

A

Head and arm are 9% a piece

Front, back, and each leg is 18% a piece

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14
Q

How much of the body needs to be involved for a burn victim to have a grave prognosis?

A

> 50% body surface area

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15
Q

_______ is common when > 20% of body surface area is burnt.

A

Shock

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16
Q

Between heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke, which one has the highest mortality rate?

A

Heat Stroke

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17
Q

How does radiation injure cells?

A
  1. Target Effect = Direct damage to DNA

2. Indirect Effect = production of free radicals

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18
Q

______ is the old unit for exposure, ________ is the new unit that factors in biological effect.

A

Gray; Sievert

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19
Q

Which body system is the most sensitive to radiation injury?

A

Hematopoietic/lymphoid tissues

Make patients very susceptible to infections

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20
Q

Where does the lethal range of radiation begin in Sieverts? At what point is death certain w/o treatment?

A

2 Sv; 7 Sv

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21
Q

In what order will total body effects be seen based on severity of exposure?

A

Hematopoietic -> GI -> Cerebral

22
Q

________ malnutrition is an issue with ingesting proper nutrition. _________ malnutrition is a problem with absorbing, storing, or utilizing the food.

A

Primary; Secondary

23
Q

T/F: Worldwide, 25% of children are affected with Protein-Energy Malnutrition.

24
Q

What are thee two major forms of PEM?

A
  1. Marasmus

2. Kwashiorkor

25
Describe the look of a child with Marasmus?
Head looks to big for the body Muscle waisting
26
What would a child look like with Kwashiorkor?
Look swollen and puffy due to lots of edema
27
What is a common treatment for children with Marasmus to fight T-cell deficiencies?
Injections - Thrush
28
Which major organ is effected in Kwashiorkor?
Liver
29
What are the three active forms of vitamin A?
1. Retinal 2. Retinol 3. Retinoic acid
30
How long can vitamin A be stored?
6-12 months
31
What are three functions of Vitamin A?
1. Maintiain vision in reduced light 2. Differentiation of epithelial cells 3. Enhances immunity
32
T/F: Work related injuries occur 2x as often as home injuries and have an annual cost of over $25 billion.
True
33
Which medication is most often associated with anaphylaxis?
Penicillin (and other antibiotics)
34
T/F: Aspirin overdose happens via liver damage.
FALSE Aspirin: metabolic Acetaminophen: liver
35
T/F: Oral contraceptives in long term use may have negative effects including blood clots, strokes, and breast cancer.
True
36
Cocaine, amphetamines, and weight loss products are examples of what type of drugs?
CNS stimulants
37
Heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine are examples of which type of drugs?
Opioids
38
LSD, mescaline, PCP, and ketamine are examples of which type of drugs?
Hallucagins
39
Glues, toluene, paint thinner, gasoline, and nitrous oxide are examples of which type of drugs?
Inhalants
40
What are some possible complications from inhalation of fumes with a burn victim?
Respiratory tract damage and delayed ARDS
41
T/F: Hypothermia can be promoted by vasodilation.
True Easier to get hypothermia when drunk
42
What temp would the body need to drop to for severe hypothermia?
< 28 degrees C (82 degrees F)
43
What are some pathological features of hypothermia?
Bradycardia, atrial fibrillation, loss of consciousness
44
What element in the Earth's crust is often found to cause radiation poisoning?
Radon
45
A nutritional diet provides what essential things?
1. Carbs, protein, fat for metabolism 2. Amino acids and fatty acids 3. Vitamins and minerals
46
Marasmus depletes the _________ protein stores, while Kwashiorkor depletes the _________ protein stores.
somatic; visceral
47
T/F: In Marasmus there is a deficiency in protein but overall calorie intake is okay.
FALSE ``` Marasmus = calorie deficiency Kwashiorkor = dietary protein deficiency ```
48
When a child's weight falls to ____ he is considered malnourished. When it falls to _____ he has Marasmus.
80%; 60%
49
What can be seen in cancer patients that resembles the malnourished state of Marasmus?
Cachexia
50
Over ____ of Vitamin A is stored in the liver where there are enough reserves for _____ months.
90%; 6-12
51
What are the functions of Vitamin A?
1. Vision at night 2. Differentiation of specialized epithelium (mucus secreting) 3. Enhance immunity
52
What are the functions of Vitamin C?
1. Form and stabilize collagen 2. Tyrosine -> catecholamines 3. Antioxidant

AU17: Gen Pathology (22 decks)

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