Edema, Congestion, Hemostasis

Question 1

What is edema?

Answer 1

Increased fluid within interstitial tissues

Question 2

What various pathophysiologies come with edema?

Answer 2

1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
2. Decreased venous return
3. Lymphatic obstruction
4. Na and water retention
5. Inflammation

Question 3

What is the difference between edema and effusion?

Answer 3

Edema: fluid buildup in tissues

Effusion: fluid buildup in a body cavity or space

Question 4

What is the difference between transudate and exudate fluid?

Answer 4

Transudate: low protein fluid; typically not high injury/stress

Exudate: high protein fluid; high injury/stress

Question 5

_________ is an active increase in tissue blood volume responding to neurogenic mechanisms or inflammation; _________ is a passive increase in tissue blood volume in response to impaired venous return.

Answer 5

Hyperemia; congestion

Question 6

List the internal hemorrhaging from the highest scale to lowest scale.

Answer 6

1. Hematoma
2. Ecchymosis (bruise)
3. Purpura (within 1 cm)
4. Petechia (1-2mm)

Question 7

Which common disease can lead to small petechie which can be seen on the skin?

Answer 7

Mononucleosis (Mono)

*Can often be seen orally and facially

Question 8

What is hemostasis?

Answer 8

Stopping the loss of blood

Question 9

What are the three major components of hemostasis?

Answer 9

1. Endothelium: anticoagulant and procoagulant
2. Platelets: adhesion - secretion - aggregation
3. Coagulation cascade

Question 10

What molecule is produced by endothelium to bind platelets to the site of injury?

Answer 10

von Willebrand factor (vWF)

Question 11

What molecule creates a backbone to hold platelets together?

Answer 11

Fibrinogen

Question 12

What are the three steps involved with platelet response?

Answer 12

1. Adhesion: vWF from endothelium
2. Secretion: ADP and Ca
3. Aggregation: ADP, TXA2, thrombin -> fibrinogen

Question 13

What activates the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation cycle?

Answer 13

Tissue factor released by endothelium

Question 14

T/F: The extrinsic factor kicks off the coagulation pathway.

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

Which molecule plays the largest role in the coagulation pathway?

Answer 15

Thrombin

Question 16

What is the role of PGI2, NO, and ADPase on platelets?

Answer 16

Counters the platelet accumulation

Question 17

Antithrombin does what to the blood clot?

Answer 17

Disrupts thrombin and therefore the fibrin clotting

Question 18

How is plasmin important in blood clotting?

Answer 18

Cleaves fibrin to insure it doesn’t occlude the vessel

Question 19

T/F: Thrombin only plays a role in blood clotting.

Answer 19

FALSE

Plays many roles