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AU17: Gen Pathology > Liver/GB/Pancreas > Flashcards

Liver/GB/Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

Jaundice, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis, and tumors all effect the _______.

A

Liver

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2
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A

Maintain metabolic homeostasis, synthesize proteins, detoxification

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3
Q

The liver has an enormous functional reserve and regenerative capacity. What does this mean clinically for diagnosis?

A

Can mask early hepatic injury

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4
Q

During injury, the liver will degenerate _______ or accumulate _______.

A

hepatocytes; toxic products

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5
Q

T/F: Inflammation of the liver will constantly impede healing.

A

False

May facilitate or impede healing

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6
Q

What is a top ten cause of death in adults, as well as the primary route of liver-related deaths?

A

Cirrhosis

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7
Q

What are some causes of cirrhosis?

A
  1. EtOH abuse
  2. Viral hepatitis
  3. Non-EtOH steatohepatitis
  4. Biliary disease
  5. Iron overload
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8
Q

What is the end result of cirrhosis?

A

Loss of hepatic function

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9
Q

Bridging septae and parenchymal nodules are associated with ________.

A

Cirrhosis

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10
Q

What are some symptoms of the portal hypertension associated with cirrhosis?

A
  1. Ascites
  2. Collateral venous channels
  3. Splenomegaly
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11
Q

T/F: The conjugated version of jaundice is insoluble and toxic.

A

False

Unconjugated = insoluble, toxic

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12
Q

T/F: Jaundice comes from excess bilirubin.

A

True

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13
Q

What is the number 1 cause of jaundice?

A

Hemolytic anemia

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14
Q

T/F: There will be a variety of patterns of liver injury depending on the agent causing the hepatitis.

A

False

Very similar patterns of injury for variety of agents

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15
Q

Which hepatitis is a DNA virus?

A

Hep B

A and C are RNA viruses

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16
Q

_______ causes a benign infection with no chronic disease or carrier state.

A

Hep A

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17
Q

Which hepatitis is spread through fecal-oral transmission?

A

Hep A

Typically contaminated food/water

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18
Q

_____ will cause a persistent infection and chronic hepatitis in 85% of patients.

A

Hep C

No vaccine!

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19
Q

T/F: There is a vaccine for Hep B.

A

True

95% effective

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20
Q

T/F: The majority of Hep B infections are self-limited.

A

True

90%

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21
Q

Which viral hepatitis infections lead to an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma?

A

Hep B and C

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22
Q

How is Hep C treated?

A

Protease and nucleoside inhibitors

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23
Q

T/F: Often acute viral hepatitis will not have any serious symptoms.

A

True

24
Q

Acute viral hepatitis that transitions to a chronic state is often seen with _____ infections.

A

Hep C

25
Q

What are the three main features of alcohol liver disease?

A
  1. Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)
  2. Alcoholic hepatitis
  3. Cirrhosis
26
Q

What is the typical flow of liver injury with repeated severe exposures to alcohol?

A
  1. Hepatitis - necrosis, inflammation, mallory bodies, fatty change
  2. Cirrhosis - fibrosis, hyperplastic nodules
27
Q

What is the typical flow of liver injury with continued non-sever exposures to alcohol?

A
  1. Steatosis - fatty change, perivenular fibrosis

2. Cirrhosis - fibrosis, hyperplastic nodules

28
Q

T/F: Liver injury due to alcohol can reverse during abstinence.

A

True

Except if cirrhosis is already occurring

29
Q

_________ is an autosomal recessive disorder which causes iron accumulation in the liver.

A

Hemochromatosis

30
Q

_________ is an autosomal recessive disorder that results in excess copper accumulation in the liver.

A

Wilson’s Disease

31
Q

T/F: Bile duct carcinoma is very aggressive and shows symptoms very early.

A

False

Very aggressive but does not show symptoms until late stage

32
Q

__________ is associated with oral contraceptives and may regress if discontinued.

A

Hepatocellular adenoma

33
Q

____________ is the third leading cause of cancer deaths in western countries.

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

34
Q

T/F: Cirrhosis is seen in 90% of hepatocellular carcinomas.

A

True

35
Q

T/F: Liver cancers are unlikely to metastasize.

A

False

Strong vascular supply = high likelihood of metastasis

36
Q

___________ is seen in younger patients and causes a “Scirrhous” tumor.

A

Fibrolamellar carcinoma

37
Q

T/F: It is more common to see a metastasis site in the liver than to have a primary tumor in the liver.

A

True

38
Q

What is a cholelithiasis?

A

Gallstone

39
Q

In the west most gallstones are made of ________, while a smaller amount are ________ stones.

A

cholesterol; pigment

40
Q

T/F: Most gallstones are silent.

A

True

41
Q

Cholesterol gallstones are mostly _________, while bilirubin is mostly _________.

A

radiolucent; radiopaque

42
Q

What are some risk factors for gallstones?

A

Cholesterol: white females; estrogen

Pigment: hemolysis, GI disorder, biliary infection

43
Q

T/F: Cholecystitis is most common in women during the 4th-6th decade.

A

True

44
Q

During chronic cholecystitis, 90% of the patients will also experience _______.

A

gallstones

45
Q

Which type of cancer is 95% associated with gall stones?

A

Adenocarcinomas

Only 5% 5 year survival

46
Q

T/F: The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine function.

A

True

Glucose homeostasis and food digestion

47
Q

What are the major risk factors associated with 80% of acute pancreatitis patients?

A
  1. Cholelithiasis
  2. Biliary tract disease
  3. Alcoholism

Trauma, drugs, and hypercalcemia

48
Q

During acute pancreatitis, _________ are released as well as inflammation ________.

A

lipases; proteolysis

49
Q

“Acute abdomen” is associated with _________.

A

acute pancreatitis

50
Q

Which two enzymes will be elevated in a patient with acute pancreatitis?

A

Amylase and lipase

51
Q

T/F: During chronic pancreatitis, the patient will lose endocrine function first.

A

False

Exocrine then endocrine

52
Q

T/F: Chronic pancreatitis is irreversible.

A

True

53
Q

Adenocarcinomas are normally found in the _________ glands of the pancreas.

A

exocrine

54
Q

________ doubles pancreatic cancer risk.

A

Smoking

55
Q

T/F: Diabetes and chronic pancreatitis increase risk for pancreatic cancer.

A

True

56
Q

“Silent growth” is associated with ________.

A

pancreatic cancer

AU17: Gen Pathology (22 decks)

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