Injury/Cell Death Flashcards
What is etiology?
Why the disease occurs - underlying causes and modifiers
What is pathogenesis?
How a disease occurs - the development of the disease
What are some possible outcomes of cell injury?
- May be reversible
- Cell adaptation
- Cell death
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen to cells
What are four targets for cellular injury?
- Cell membrane
- Mitochondria
- Cell proteins
- DNA
T/F: Clinical signs and symptoms often occurs simultaneously to cell injury.
FALSE
Clinical signs often several steps removed from cell injury
What are six types of cell injury mechanisms?
- ATP depletion
- Generate ROS
- Loss of Ca++ homeostasis
- Altered membrane permeability
- Mitochondrial damage
- DNA and protein damage
Describe some cellular pathology involved with hypoxia/ischemia.
- Mitochondria stop producing ATP
- ATP dependent Na pump loses function = cell swelling (Ca, H2O, Na all come in)
- Glycolysis = lactic acid build up
- Less protein synthesis
How can reactive oxygen species cause cell injury?
- Increase permeability: lipid peroxidation and protein fragmentation
- Single stranded DNA breaks
ROS cause ______ ______ breaks in DNA.
Single-stranded
What molecules help to control reactive oxygen species?
- Enzymes
- Antioxidants
- Serum protein: reduce iron and copper
What can happen when too much calcium pushes into the cell?
Increased enzyme activity breaks down various vital parts of the cell (ATP, membrane, protein, DNA, etc.)
T/F: In cell injury biochemical alterations occur prior to morphological changes.
TRUE
What are various factors that determine severity of cell injury?
- Physiologic state of cell
- Intensity of insult
- Duration of insult
- Number of exposures to insult
A cell injury of short duration and low intensity will typically result in what?
Reversible cell injury
