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AU17: Gen Pathology > Apoptosis, Cell Adaptation > Flashcards

Apoptosis, Cell Adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

What are three main reasons for apoptosis?

A
  1. Cell turnover: mucosa, skin, etc. or due to loss of growth factor
  2. Embryogenesis: development
  3. Immune function
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2
Q

What are some diseases that cause excessive apoptosis?

A
  1. AIDS
  2. Ischemia
  3. Neurodegenerative diseases
  4. Myelodysplasia
  5. Toxin induced liver injury
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3
Q

What are some diseases that inhibit apoptosis?

A
  1. Cancer: breast, prostate, and ovary cancer
  2. Autoimmune disease
  3. Viral diseases: HSV, poxvirus, and adenovirus
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4
Q

What is the general overview of apoptosis?

A

Chromatin condensation -> cell shrinkage -> membrane blebs and sheds apoptotic bodies to be phagocytosed

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5
Q

What are the two methods of inducing apoptosis?

A

Receptor mediated (extrinsic)

Mitochondrial pathway (intrinsic)

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6
Q

What could cause the mitochondrial pathway for apoptosis to start?

A
  1. Growth factor withdrawal
  2. DNA damage
  3. Protein misfolding
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7
Q

What intracellular molecules do both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways need to activate for apoptosis to occur?

A

Initiator caspases

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8
Q

Apoptosis or necrosis causes the cell to shrink?

A

Apoptosis

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9
Q

Apoptosis or necrosis causes the cell to spill all of its contents?

A

Necrosis

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10
Q

Apoptosis or necrosis normally effects multiple cells.

A

Necrosis

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11
Q

Apoptosis or necrosis normally involves chromatin condensation?

A

Apoptosis

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12
Q

Apoptosis or necrosis causes inflammation?

A

Necrosis

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13
Q

What are some various cell adaptations that can take place in response to chronic stress?

A
  1. Size change
  2. Cell number change
  3. Change in cell differentiation
  4. Abnormal intracellular contents
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14
Q

What is hypertrophy vs hyperplasia?

A

Hypertrophy: grow in size

Hyperplasia: grow in number

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15
Q

What are some etiologies of atrophy?

A
  1. Decreased workload
  2. Loss of innervation
  3. Decreased blood supply
  4. Poor nutrition
  5. Decreased hormone stimulation
  6. Aging
  7. Local pressure
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16
Q

What would happen to the muscles of the face if innervation was lost?

A

Atrophy

17
Q

What would happen to the kidney cells if blood supply was lost?

A

Atrophy

18
Q

What happens to breast tissue after estrogen stimulation is lost?

A

Atrophy

19
Q

What happens to the muscle cells as someone consistently works out over a long period of time?

A

Hypertrophy

20
Q

T/F: Hypertrophy can be done via increased functional load and hormonal stimulation.

A

TRUE

21
Q

How does the uterus prepare to push out a baby?

A

Hypertrophy of smooth muscle during pregnancy

22
Q

How can hyperplasia be stimulated in the body?

A
  1. Hormonal

2. Chronic irritation (calice)

23
Q

Smoking can cause ____________ of the normal columnar epithelia into squamous epithelia in the bronchus.

A

Metaplasia

24
Q

What can happen in the esophagus as a response to chronic GERD?

A

Metaplasia from stratified squamous -> mucous epithelium.

Can be a set up for cancer

25
Q

What are some mechanisms for intracellular accumulations?

A
  1. Abnormal metabolism (fatty liver)
  2. Defect in protein folding/transport (Alzheimer’s)
  3. Lack of enzyme (glycogen storage disease)
  4. Ingestion of indigestible materials (pigments)
26
Q

What is an example of a signal activating the extrinsic apoptotic pathway?

A

Fas ligand binding to TNF receptor

27
Q

What is the role of the Bcl-2 family in the apoptotic pathway?

A

Controls mitochondria permeability for the intrinsic pathway.

Bcl-2, bcl-x inhibit apoptosis
Bax, bak stimulate apoptosis

28
Q

What cellular molecules promote apoptosis?

A
  1. Bax, Bak (pre-mitochondria)
  2. Cytochrome c (post-mitochondria)
  3. Caspases - breaks down cell

AU17: Gen Pathology (22 decks)

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