PSY111 - ch7 Flashcards
brief storage of perceptual information before its passed to short-term memory
sensory memory
retention of information over time
memory
visual sensory memory
iconic memory
auditory sensory memory
echoic memory
memory system that retains information for limited durations
short-term memory
fading of information from memory over time
decay
loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information
interference
interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information
retroactive interference
interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of information
proactive interference
organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory
chunking
repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory
rehearsal
repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them inn short-term memory
maintenance rehearsal
linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information inn shirt-term memory
elaborative rehearsal
depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it
levels of processing
relatively enduring (from minutes too years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
long-term memory
type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent
permastore
tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
primary effect
tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
recency effect
our knowledge of facts about the world
semantic memory
recollection of events in our lives
episodic memory
memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness
explicit memory
memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
implicit memory
memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits
procedural memory
our ability to identify a stimulus ore easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli
priming
process of getting information into our memory banks
encoding
a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
mnemonic
refers to the process of keeping information in memory
storage
reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores
retrieval
hint that makes it easier for us to recall information
retrieval cue
generating previously remembered information
recall
selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
recognition
reacquiring knowledge that we’d previously learned but largely forgotten over time
relearning
studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed)
distributed versus massed practice
experience of knowing that we know something but unable to access it
tip-of-the-tounge (TOT) phenomenon
superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
context-dependent learning
superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding.
state-dependent learning
loss of memories from our past
retrograde amnesia
inability to encode new memories from our experiences
anterograde amnesia
knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations
meta-memory
