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Gen Eds > PSY111 - ch3 > Flashcards

PSY111 - ch3 Flashcards

0
Q

portion of neuron that receives signals

A

dendrite

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1
Q

nerve cell specialized for communication

A

neuron

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2
Q

portion of neuron that sends signals

A

axon

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3
Q

spherical sac containing neurotransmitters

A

synaptic vesicle

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4
Q

space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically

A

synapse

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5
Q

a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal

A

synaptic cleft

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6
Q

cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the BBB responds to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory

A

glial cell

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7
Q

glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal

A

myelin sheath

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8
Q

electrical charge difference (-60 mV) across thee neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited

A

resting potential

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9
Q

membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential

A

threshold

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10
Q

electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

A

action potential

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11
Q

chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron

A

neurotransmitter

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12
Q

time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing time

A

absolute refractory period

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13
Q

location that uniquely recognized a neurotransmitter

A

receptor cite

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14
Q

means of recycling neurotransmitters

A

reuptake

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15
Q

chemical in brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction

A

endorphin

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16
Q

ability of the nervous system to change

A

plasticity

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17
Q

a cell, often originating in embryos, having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized cell

A

stem cell

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18
Q

creation of new neurons in the adult brain

A

neurogenesis

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19
Q

pockets in the brain that contain CSF ( provides brain with nutrients and cushion against injury)

A

cerebral ventricle

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20
Q

outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functioning

A

cerebral cortex

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21
Q

large band of fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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22
Q

2 halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions

A

cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities

A

forebrain (cerebrum)

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24
Q

forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning

A

frontal lobe

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25
Q

part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement

A

motor cortex

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26
Q

part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language

A

prefrontal cortex

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27
Q

language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production

A

broca’s area

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28
Q

upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perceptions

A

parietal lobe

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29
Q

lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing understanding language, and memory

A

temporal lobe

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30
Q

part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech

A

wernickes area

31
Q

back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

A

occipital lobe

32
Q

regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions

A

association cortex

33
Q

structures in the forebrain that help to control movement

A

basal ganglia

34
Q

emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory

A

limbic system

35
Q

gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex

A

thalamus

36
Q

part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

A

hypothalamus

37
Q

part of limbic system that pays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal

A

amygdala

38
Q

part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory

A

hippocampus

39
Q

part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla

A

brain stem

40
Q

part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound

A

midbrain

41
Q

brain area that plays a key role in arousal

A

reticular activating system (RAS)

42
Q

region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla

A

hinndbrain

43
Q

brain structure responsible for our sense of balance

A

cerebellum

44
Q

part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum

A

pons

45
Q

part of brain stem involved in basic functions. such as heartbeat and breathing

A

medulla

46
Q

thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body

A

spinal cord

47
Q

neuron that sends messages to other neurons nearby

A

innterneuron

48
Q

part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which along with the limmbic system, participates in emotion regulation

A

autonomic nervous system

49
Q

division of ANS engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight

A

sympathetic nervous system

50
Q

division of ANS that controls rest and digestion

A

parasympathetic nervous system

51
Q

system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood borne chemical messengers

A

endocrine system

52
Q

chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands

A

hormone

53
Q

master gland that, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body

A

pituitary gland

54
Q

recording of the brains electrical activity at the surface of the skull

A

electroencephalograph (EEG)

55
Q

technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

56
Q

imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different brain regions of the brain

A

positron emission tomography (PET)

57
Q

a technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using the bold response

A

functional MRI (MRI)

58
Q

technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhannce or interrupt brain function

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

59
Q

Technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain

A

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

60
Q

Cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

A

lateralization

61
Q

the right hemisphere of brain controls movement of left side of body… vice versa

A

contralateral

62
Q

The Three “I” explanation of brain dysfunction:

A
  1. Injury - closed or open wounds ex: Phineas Gage had a rod go through his frontal lobes
  2. Illness - infections ex: Lyme disease, encephalitis
  3. Insult - some temporary ex: lack of oxygen, low blood sugar
63
Q

A very rare autosomal dominant inherited prion disease of the brain. It is almost always caused by a mutation to the protein PrPC, but can also develop spontaneously in patients with a non-inherited mutation variant called sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). FFI has no known cure and involves progressively worsening insomnia, which leads to hallucinations, delirium, and confusional states like that of dementia. The average survival span for patients diagnosed with FFI after the onset of symptoms is 18 months

A

Familial Fatal Insomnia

64
Q

contains nucleus and organelles

A

cell body/soma

65
Q
  • a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage
  • any abnormality in the tissue of an organism (“damage”), usually caused by disease or trauma.
  • derived from the Latin word laesio which means injury.
A

lesion

66
Q

nerve cable that emerges from the base of the brain and extends down about 2/3rds of the length of the vertebral column

A

spinal cord

67
Q
  • mood and temperature regulation, aggression, and sleep cycles
  • serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are used to treat depression
A

seratonin (neurotransmitter)

68
Q
  • motor function
  • lack of this causes Parkinson’s disease
  • Antipsychotic drugs block dopamine action and treat schizophrenia
A

Dopamine

69
Q

means slice

A

tome

70
Q
  • an American born Canadian neurosurgeon
  • called “the greatest living Canadian”
  • devoted much thinking to the functionings of the mind, and continued until his death to contemplate whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul
A

William penfield

71
Q
  • His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal
  • archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of “unquenchable curiosity” and “feverishly inventive imagination”
  • considered greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived
  • viturivian man
  • cadaver labs and paintings of skull
A

Leonardo Da Vinci

72
Q
  • theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972 - theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. The theory was contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the popular idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record.
  • campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two distinct fields (or “magisteria”) whose authorities do not overlap
A

Stephen Jay Gould

73
Q

Portrait of Henry VIII is a lost work by ___ depicting Henry VIII

A

Holbein

74
Q
  • a form of perspective
  • usually distorted in some way.
  • have to view it in a special way
  • images do not make sense unless you know how or where to place your eye. They are hidden until you look from the correct place.
A

anamorphic art

Gen Eds (39 decks)

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