PSY111 - ch3 Flashcards
portion of neuron that receives signals
dendrite
nerve cell specialized for communication
neuron
portion of neuron that sends signals
axon
spherical sac containing neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicle
space between two connecting neurons through which messages are transmitted chemically
synapse
a gap into which neurotransmitters are released from the axon terminal
synaptic cleft
cell in nervous system that plays a role in the formation of myelin and the BBB responds to injury, removes debris, and enhances learning and memory
glial cell
glial cells wrapped around axons that act as insulators of the neuron’s signal
myelin sheath
electrical charge difference (-60 mV) across thee neuronal membrane, when the neuron is not being stimulated or inhibited
resting potential
membrane potential necessary to trigger an action potential
threshold
electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters
action potential
chemical messenger specialized for communication from neuron to neuron
neurotransmitter
time during which another action potential is impossible; limits maximal firing time
absolute refractory period
location that uniquely recognized a neurotransmitter
receptor cite
means of recycling neurotransmitters
reuptake
chemical in brain that plays a specialized role in pain reduction
endorphin
ability of the nervous system to change
plasticity
a cell, often originating in embryos, having the capacity to differentiate into a more specialized cell
stem cell
creation of new neurons in the adult brain
neurogenesis
pockets in the brain that contain CSF ( provides brain with nutrients and cushion against injury)
cerebral ventricle
outermost part of forebrain, responsible for analyzing sensory processing and higher brain functioning
cerebral cortex
large band of fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
2 halves of the cerebral cortex, each of which serve distinct yet highly integrated functions
cerebral hemispheres
forward part of the brain that allows advanced intellectual abilities
forebrain (cerebrum)
forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning
frontal lobe
part of frontal lobe responsible for body movement
motor cortex
part of frontal lobe responsible for thinking, planning, and language
prefrontal cortex
language area in the prefrontal cortex that helps to control speech production
broca’s area
upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perceptions
parietal lobe
lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing understanding language, and memory
temporal lobe
part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding speech
wernickes area
back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision
occipital lobe
regions of the cerebral cortex that integrate simpler functions to perform more complex functions
association cortex
structures in the forebrain that help to control movement
basal ganglia
emotional center of brain that also plays roles in smell, motivation, and memory
limbic system
gateway from the sense organs to the primary sensory cortex
thalamus
part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state
hypothalamus
part of limbic system that pays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal
amygdala
part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory
hippocampus
part of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebral cortex that contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla
brain stem
part of the brain stem that contributes to movement, tracking of visual stimuli, and reflexes triggered by sound
midbrain
brain area that plays a key role in arousal
reticular activating system (RAS)
region below the midbrain that contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla
hinndbrain
brain structure responsible for our sense of balance
cerebellum
part of the brain stem that connects the cortex with the cerebellum
pons
part of brain stem involved in basic functions. such as heartbeat and breathing
medulla
thick bundle of nerves that conveys signals between the brain and the body
spinal cord
neuron that sends messages to other neurons nearby
innterneuron
part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which along with the limmbic system, participates in emotion regulation
autonomic nervous system
division of ANS engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight
sympathetic nervous system
division of ANS that controls rest and digestion
parasympathetic nervous system
system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood borne chemical messengers
endocrine system
chemical released into the bloodstream that influences particular organs and glands
hormone
master gland that, under the control of the hypothalamus, directs the other glands of the body
pituitary gland
recording of the brains electrical activity at the surface of the skull
electroencephalograph (EEG)
technique that uses magnetic fields to indirectly visualize brain structure
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
imaging technique that measures consumption of glucose-like molecules, yielding a picture of neural activity in different brain regions of the brain
positron emission tomography (PET)
a technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using the bold response
functional MRI (MRI)
technique that applies strong and quickly changing magnetic fields to the surface of the skull that can either enhannce or interrupt brain function
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other
lateralization
the right hemisphere of brain controls movement of left side of body… vice versa
contralateral
The Three “I” explanation of brain dysfunction:
- Injury - closed or open wounds ex: Phineas Gage had a rod go through his frontal lobes
- Illness - infections ex: Lyme disease, encephalitis
- Insult - some temporary ex: lack of oxygen, low blood sugar
A very rare autosomal dominant inherited prion disease of the brain. It is almost always caused by a mutation to the protein PrPC, but can also develop spontaneously in patients with a non-inherited mutation variant called sporadic Fatal Insomnia (sFI). FFI has no known cure and involves progressively worsening insomnia, which leads to hallucinations, delirium, and confusional states like that of dementia. The average survival span for patients diagnosed with FFI after the onset of symptoms is 18 months
Familial Fatal Insomnia
contains nucleus and organelles
cell body/soma
- a region in an organ or tissue that has suffered damage
- any abnormality in the tissue of an organism (“damage”), usually caused by disease or trauma.
- derived from the Latin word laesio which means injury.
lesion
nerve cable that emerges from the base of the brain and extends down about 2/3rds of the length of the vertebral column
spinal cord
- mood and temperature regulation, aggression, and sleep cycles
- serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants are used to treat depression
seratonin (neurotransmitter)
- motor function
- lack of this causes Parkinson’s disease
- Antipsychotic drugs block dopamine action and treat schizophrenia
Dopamine
means slice
tome
- an American born Canadian neurosurgeon
- called “the greatest living Canadian”
- devoted much thinking to the functionings of the mind, and continued until his death to contemplate whether there was any scientific basis for the existence of the human soul
William penfield
- His genius, perhaps more than that of any other figure, epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal
- archetype of the Renaissance Man, a man of “unquenchable curiosity” and “feverishly inventive imagination”
- considered greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived
- viturivian man
- cadaver labs and paintings of skull
Leonardo Da Vinci
- theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972 - theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. The theory was contrasted against phyletic gradualism, the popular idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record.
- campaigned against creationism and proposed that science and religion should be considered two distinct fields (or “magisteria”) whose authorities do not overlap
Stephen Jay Gould
Portrait of Henry VIII is a lost work by ___ depicting Henry VIII
Holbein
- a form of perspective
- usually distorted in some way.
- have to view it in a special way
- images do not make sense unless you know how or where to place your eye. They are hidden until you look from the correct place.
anamorphic art
