GenBioFinal Flashcards
list the steps of the scientific method in order
- observe
- question
- hypothesis
- prediction
- experiment
- observe results
list 4 of the key features that all living things have
organized metabolism respond to stimuli grow/reproduce use energy homeostasis evolution
according to scientific estimates, how long ago did the 1st aerobic eukaryote first appear on earth?
1.7 billion years ago
list Darwin’s 2 key observations that led him to conclude that evolution was occurring by natural selection
- overproduction of offspring with struggle to survive
2. individual variation
where does Russell think life started?
hydrothermal vents on ocean floor
how many water molecules move through an aqauporin each second?
3 billion
what happens to a cell without a cell wall in a hypertonic environment?
shrivel up
how often does flip-flop occur in a plasma membrane?
1 per month
function of nucleus
houses DNA
function of RER
protein processing
function of mitochondria
make ATP
function of golgi body
ship and receive proteins
function of dynein arms
carry vesicles on the cytoskeleton
function of lysosome
digestive enzymes
define the term “ligand”
signaling molecule
gap junctions in the heart represent which type of signaling?
direct contact
give an example of paracrine signaling
immune signaling
which enzymes add phosphates to activate/inactivate proteins?
kinases
name 2 of the 3 amino acids that typically receive or lose phosphates
Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine
when a ligand first binds to RTK receptors, what happens next?
dimerize and auto-phosphorylate
once insulin has activated a cell through its RTK receptors, what is the final resulting action taken by the cell?
pump glucose into cell and breakdown or store it
what does Ras do?
activates MAP Kinases
what do Cholera do to the GPCR, and what happens next in the intestines?
locks it “on” and chloride ions are pumped into intestine with water following
what type of junction is found between epithelial cells in the skin?
tight
what percentage of our modern medicines are targeted at the GPCR and its ligands?
60%
once cortisol binds to its receptor, what happens next?
moves into nucleus and binds DNA
what does the First Law of Thermodynamics say?
energy cannot be created or destroyed
why are Exergonic reactions spontaneous?
product more stable
in the 1st round of the Calvin Cycle, which compound initially combines with carbon dioxide?
Ribulose Biphosphate (RuBP)
what does the b6-f cytochrome complex do when it receives energized electrons?
pump H+ into chloroplast stroma
which molecule carries electrons from the light reactions to the dark reactions of photosynthesis?
NADPH
which compound bonds with 3CO2 to form 6C3 molecules?
Ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)
which enzyme produces ATP from the light reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP synthase
where does the calvin cycle occur?
chloroplast stroma
which compound is produced by Calvin Cycle and is used to make Glucose?
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P)
which enzyme in the electron transport step of cell respiration is used to produce ATP?
ATP synthase
which protein in the electron transport step of cell respiration receives electrons from FADH2?
protein complex II
when Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate breaks apart, which compound is produced?
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (G3P)
where does the Intermediate step occur in eukaryotic cell respiration?
mitochondrial matix
which steps produce CO2 during aerobic cell respiration?
Intermediate step and Krebs Cycle
Oxaloacetate and Acetyl-CoA combine to form which compound in the Krebs Cycle?
Citric Acid
Which energy molecule is formed during the Krebs Cycle?
GTP
Which of the following processes during meiosis are responsible for genetic variation within the species?
- crossover and recombination
- arrangement of the homologous chromosomes on the metaphase I plate
if a cell has 8 chromosomes, how many possible arrangements of homologous pairs could occur on the metaphase plate during metaphase I?
16
After crossover and recombination, homologous chromosomes are held together during prometaphase I by _____
chiasmata
which of the following tends to lead to an increased rate of aneuploidy?
lower numbers of crossover and recombination events
which of the following defines Mendel’s Law of Segregation?
the two alleles for each gene separate during gamete production
what is structurally different between DNA and RNA at the 2’ carbon?
DNA has H+ bond
RNA has OH- bond
how many hydrogen bonds form between A and T in double stranded DNA?
2 (a double bond)
what do we call the fragments that form on the lagging strand during DNA replication
Okazaki
which enzyme do cells use to remove the RNA primer and replace it with DNA?
DNA polymerase I
what do we call the locations where copying the DNA starts along the genome?
Origin of Replication (ORI)
which RNA sequence is found in Telomerase?
AAUCCCAAU
which sequence does RNA polymerase bind to in order to start Transcription?
TATAAT
what are coding regions called in a gene?
exons
which enzyme fixes (glues) the sugar-phosphate backbone during DNA repair?
Ligase
in order to get into the ribosome, tRNA is coupled with a chaperone molecule and an energy molecule. name them both
elongation factor (EF) GTP
which enzyme binds amino acids together while they are in the ribosome?
Peptidyl Transferase
which chaperone molecule brings the small subunit of the ribosome to the mRNA at the beginning of translation?
initiation factor (IF)
in the Lac operon, where does the repressor protein bind to the DNA in order to turn off the Lac genes?
operator
which enzyme removes the introns from the eukaryotic mRNA?
spliceosome
