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Gen Eds > GenBioFinal - OtherMaterial > Flashcards

GenBioFinal - OtherMaterial Flashcards

1
Q

the universe is how many years old?

A

15 billion

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2
Q

earth was formed how many years ago?

A

4.6 bya

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3
Q

anerobic prokaryotes were discovered how many years ago?

A

3.5 bya

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4
Q

oxygen was discovered how many years ago?

A

2.5 bya

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5
Q

Darwin made what conclusion from his two key observations?

A

natural selection/survival of the fittest/evolution

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6
Q

cilia are what size of flagella?

A

1/10th the size of flagella

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7
Q

What happens to a cell with a cell wall in hypertonic environment?

A

plasmolysis

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8
Q

what happens to a cell with a cell wall in hypotonic environment?

A

turgid

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9
Q

what happens to a cell without a cell wall in hypotonic environment?

A

cell lysis

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10
Q

what happens to a cell without a cell wall and with a cell wall in isotonic environment?

A

flaccid

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11
Q

how often does lateral movement occur in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

1x10^7 per sec

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12
Q

Function of SER

A

membrane production (lipid assembly)

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13
Q

what enzymes remove phosphates? (dephosphorylation)

A

phosphatases

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14
Q

cortisol uses what type of receptor?

A

intracellular receptor

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15
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

A

all reactions in universe lead to increase in entropy

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16
Q

exothermic

A

release of heat

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17
Q

endothermic

A

requires input of heat

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18
Q

endergonic

A

requires input of energy (not spontaneous)

19
Q

gap junctions are _____ junctions.

A

communicating junction

20
Q

desmosomes are ____ junctions.

A

anchoring

21
Q

does evolution violate the second law of thermodynamics?

A

2nd law is a closed system and evolution is an open system. so yes, it does violate it

22
Q

enzymes do what to reactions?

A

speed them up

23
Q

which protein in the electron transport step of cellular respiration receives electrons from NADH?

A

Protein Complex I

24
Q

cdk molecules are necessary for what?

A

turning on/off specific processes

cdk = cyclin-depenedent kinases

25
Q

goal of krebs cycle?

A

to eliminate carbon

26
Q

enzymes in electron transport that transfer electrons?

A

Protein complex I, II, III - Ubiqunone

Protein complex IV - Cytochrome complex

27
Q

what is monaicism?

A

when cells dont have the same DNA

28
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

alleles from two different genes separate independently of each other

29
Q

noncoding regions

A

introns

- removed by splicing

30
Q

what fixes Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

31
Q

how do we read dna?

how to we build dna?

A

read: 3’-5’
build: 5’-3’

32
Q

translation

A

reading mrna and turning into AA

33
Q

what are telomers?

A

repeating sequence of dna at end of chromosomes

34
Q

5 steps in dna replication:

A
  1. dna lhelicase - unzips dna
  2. rna primase - adds rna primer
  3. dna pol. III - copies dna
  4. dna pol. I - removes rna primer and replaces it with dna
  5. dna ligase - uses own energy as form of atp; gues dna backbone during repair; fixes okazaki fragments
35
Q

which protein binds to the operator?

A

repressor protein

36
Q

when there is no lactose what happens?

A

repressor protein binds to operator and transcription is stopped

37
Q

when there is lactose what happens?

A

repressor protein binds to lactose and cannot bind to operator. transcription begins, genes are transcribed into mrna = make atp and gtp

38
Q

in order for mrna, trna, and the ribosomal subunit to assemble into a complex, what energy molecule and chaperone are used?

A

initiation factors and gtp

39
Q

error rate for dna pol. with proofreading

A

1/10 billion bases

40
Q

error rate for rna pol.

A

1/10,000

41
Q

what two mutations are deadly for a cell?

A

deletion and addition frameshift

42
Q

silent mutation

A

no change in AA

-substitution: change 1 letter

43
Q

missense

A

change in 1 AA

- inversion : changing order of 2 letters

44
Q

nonsense

A

early stop codon

Gen Eds (39 decks)

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