PSY111 - ch2 Flashcards
- heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype
- judging a book by its cover or “like goes with like”
representativeness heuristic
- mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
- in some cases they can lead us to an oversimplified reality
heuristics
- how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population
base rate
- heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds
- how available it is in our memories
availability heuristic
- systematic errors in thinking
cognitive biases
- watching behavior in real-world settings without trying too manipulate the situation (peoples behaviors)
- watching behavior “unfold” without intervening it
naturalistic observation
- the extent to which we can generalize our findings to real-world settings
- some psychologists contend that naturalistic designs almost always have a higher ______ than laboratory experiments
external validity
- extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect interferences from a study
- we can manipulate the variables ourselves
internal validity
- research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period
case study
- procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate
random selection
- consistency of measurement
reliability
- extent to which a measure assesses what it purports(claims) to measure
- we can think of it as “truth in advertising”
validity
- tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
- OR IN OTHER WORDS: tendencies to distort their answers to items, often in a socially desirable direction
response set
- research design that examines the extent to which 2 variables are associated
- relate to each other statistically
correlation design
-grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s data
scatterplot
- perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exist
- ex: full moon and people
illusory correlation
- research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
- if a study doesn’t contain both of them, it’s not an experiment
experiment
- randomly sorting participants into two groups
random assignment
- in an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation
experimental group
- in an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation
control group
-variable that an experimenter manipulates
independent variable
-variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect
dependent variable
- a working definition of what a researcher is measuring; specifying how we’re measuring a variable
- when we define our independent and dependent variables for the purposes of study
operational definition
- improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement (people on medicine might get better because they knew they were receiving treatment)
- latin for “i will please”
placebo affect
- unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
- if patients aren’t ______ to their condition, then the experiment is ruined because the patients differ in their expectations of improvement
blind
- placebo effect has an “evil twin”
- is harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
- latin phrase = “to harm”
- ex: some who is allergic to roses sneezes to fake roses
nocebo effect
- phenomenon in which researchers hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
- when participant doesn’t know the condition assigned, but the experimenter does
experimental expectancy effect/Rosenthal effect
-when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or conditional group
double-blind
- cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypotheses
- researchers get an unbiased view of participants thoughts and behaviors
demand characteristics
- informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate
informed consent
- application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data
statistics
- numerical characterizations that describe data
descriptive statistics
- measure of the “central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster
central tendncy
- average; a measure of central tendency
mean
- middle score in a data set; a measure of central tendency
median
most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency
mode
- measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are
variability/dispersion
- difference between the highest and lowest scores
- a measure of dispersion
range
- measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is taken from the mean
standard deviation
- mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population
inferential deviation
“psychology has a long past, but only a short history”
hermann ebbinghaus 1908
influences that led to psychology as a discrete scientific discipline (8):
biology, philosophy, medicine and psychiatry, scientific experimental methodology, physiology, statistics, social sciences, education
- individual personal experience
humanistic perspective
year of 1879:
Wihelm Wundt establishes the first psychological labroratory in Leipzig Germany
year of 1900:
Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams
year of 1908:
Alfred Binet publishes a scale of tests grouped by the ages at which the tests could be expected to be passed
year of 1928:
Ivan P. Pavlov offers Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes
year of 1950:
John Dollard and Neal E. Miller published Personality and Psychotherapy
year of 1954:
Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and Personality
course description:
Introduction to the science of human behavior and mental processes. Student examine the relationship between the nervous system and behavior, learning, perception, language, personality, intelligence, and psychopathology.
