PSY111 - ch2

Question 0

• heuristic that involves judging the probability of an event by its superficial similarity to a prototype
• judging a book by its cover or “like goes with like”

Answer 0

representativeness heuristic

Question 1

• mental shortcut that helps us to streamline our thinking and make sense of our world
• in some cases they can lead us to an oversimplified reality

Answer 1

heuristics

Question 2

• how common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population

Answer 2

base rate

Question 3

• heuristic that involves estimating the likelihood of an occurrence based on the ease with which it comes to our minds
• how available it is in our memories

Answer 3

availability heuristic

Question 4

• systematic errors in thinking

Answer 4

cognitive biases

Question 5

• watching behavior in real-world settings without trying too manipulate the situation (peoples behaviors)
• watching behavior “unfold” without intervening it

Answer 5

naturalistic observation

Question 6

• the extent to which we can generalize our findings to real-world settings
• some psychologists contend that naturalistic designs almost always have a higher ______ than laboratory experiments

Answer 6

external validity

Question 7

• extent to which we can draw cause-and-effect interferences from a study
• we can manipulate the variables ourselves

Answer 7

internal validity

Question 8

• research design that examines one person or a small number of people in depth, often over an extended time period

Answer 8

case study

Question 9

• procedure that ensures every person in a population has an equal chance of being chosen to participate

Answer 9

random selection

Question 10

• consistency of measurement

Answer 10

reliability

Question 11

• extent to which a measure assesses what it purports(claims) to measure
• we can think of it as “truth in advertising”

Answer 11

validity

Question 12

• tendency of research participants to distort their responses to questionnaire items
• OR IN OTHER WORDS: tendencies to distort their answers to items, often in a socially desirable direction

Answer 12

response set

Question 13

• research design that examines the extent to which 2 variables are associated
• relate to each other statistically

Answer 13

correlation design

Question 14

-grouping of points on a two-dimensional graph in which each dot represents a single person’s data

Answer 14

scatterplot

Question 15

• perception of a statistical association between two variables where none exist
• ex: full moon and people

Answer 15

illusory correlation

Question 16

• research design characterized by random assignment of participants to conditions and manipulation of an independent variable
• if a study doesn’t contain both of them, it’s not an experiment

Answer 16

experiment

Question 17

• randomly sorting participants into two groups

Answer 17

random assignment

Question 18

• in an experiment, the group of participants that receives the manipulation

Answer 18

experimental group

Question 19

• in an experiment, the group of participants that doesn’t receive the manipulation

Answer 19

control group

Question 20

-variable that an experimenter manipulates

Answer 20

independent variable

Question 21

-variable that an experimenter measures to see whether the manipulation has an effect

Answer 21

dependent variable

Question 22

• a working definition of what a researcher is measuring; specifying how we’re measuring a variable
• when we define our independent and dependent variables for the purposes of study

Answer 22

operational definition

Question 23

• improvement resulting from the mere expectation of improvement (people on medicine might get better because they knew they were receiving treatment)
• latin for “i will please”

Answer 23

placebo affect

Question 24

• unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group
• if patients aren’t ______ to their condition, then the experiment is ruined because the patients differ in their expectations of improvement

Answer 24

blind

Question 25

• placebo effect has an “evil twin”
• is harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm
• latin phrase = “to harm”
• ex: some who is allergic to roses sneezes to fake roses

Answer 25

nocebo effect

Question 26

• phenomenon in which researchers hypotheses lead them to unintentionally bias the outcome of a study
• when participant doesn’t know the condition assigned, but the experimenter does

Answer 26

experimental expectancy effect/Rosenthal effect

Question 27

-when neither researchers nor participants are aware of who’s in the experimental or conditional group

Answer 27

double-blind

Question 28

• cues that participants pick up from a study that allow them to generate guesses regarding the researchers hypotheses
• researchers get an unbiased view of participants thoughts and behaviors

Answer 28

demand characteristics

Question 29

• informing research participants of what is involved in a study before asking them to participate

Answer 29

informed consent

Question 30

• application of mathematics to describing and analyzing data

Answer 30

statistics

Question 31

• numerical characterizations that describe data

Answer 31

descriptive statistics

Question 32

• measure of the “central” scores in a data set, or where the group tends to cluster

Answer 32

central tendncy

Question 33

• average; a measure of central tendency

Answer 33

mean

Question 34

• middle score in a data set; a measure of central tendency

Answer 34

median

Question 35

most frequent score in a data set; a measure of central tendency

Answer 35

mode

Question 36

• measure of how loosely or tightly bunched scores are

Answer 36

variability/dispersion

Question 37

• difference between the highest and lowest scores

- a measure of dispersion

Answer 37

range

Question 38

• measure of dispersion that takes into account how far each data point is taken from the mean

Answer 38

standard deviation

Question 39

• mathematical methods that allow us to determine whether we can generalize findings from our sample to the full population

Answer 39

inferential deviation

Question 40

“psychology has a long past, but only a short history”

Answer 40

hermann ebbinghaus 1908

Question 41

influences that led to psychology as a discrete scientific discipline (8):

Answer 41

biology, philosophy, medicine and psychiatry, scientific experimental methodology, physiology, statistics, social sciences, education

Question 42

• individual personal experience

Answer 42

humanistic perspective

Question 43

year of 1879:

Answer 43

Wihelm Wundt establishes the first psychological labroratory in Leipzig Germany

Question 44

year of 1900:

Answer 44

Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams

Question 45

year of 1908:

Answer 45

Alfred Binet publishes a scale of tests grouped by the ages at which the tests could be expected to be passed

Question 46

year of 1928:

Answer 46

Ivan P. Pavlov offers Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes

Question 47

year of 1950:

Answer 47

John Dollard and Neal E. Miller published Personality and Psychotherapy

Question 48

year of 1954:

Answer 48

Abraham Maslow publishes Motivation and Personality

Question 49

course description:

Answer 49

Introduction to the science of human behavior and mental processes. Student examine the relationship between the nervous system and behavior, learning, perception, language, personality, intelligence, and psychopathology.