PSY111 - ch6 Flashcards
process of responding less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
habituation
A sea shell slug about 5 inches long that retracts its gill when pricked,, but then habituates (stops retracting its gill) if pricked repeatedly
aplysia califonicus
- repeated exposure to stimuli can lead to this and respond more strongly over time.
sensitization
change in an organisms behavior or thought as a result of experience
learning
form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that has been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
classical (Pavlovian conditioning)
researched with dogs by classical conditioning
ivan pavlov
stimulus that elicits an automatic response
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
automatic response to a non-neutral stimulus that does not need to be learned
unconditioned response (UCR)
response previously associated with a non-neutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning
conditioned response (CR)
initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
learning phase during which a conditioned response is established
acquisition
gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
extinction
sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is returned to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired
renewal effect
process by which conditioned stimuli are similar, but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response
stimulus generalization
process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus
-ex: being afraid of a tornado on tv and having different response in person
stimulus discrimination
the process by which organisms develop classically conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli that later become associated with the original conditione stimulus
higher-order conditioning
learning controlled by the consequences of the organisms behavior
operant conditioning
grasping the underlying nature of a problem
- ex: Thorndikes cats learning puzzle to being in box
insight
small animal chamber constructed by Skinner too allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorded unsupervised
- electronically records an animals response and prints out a cumulative record of animals activity
Skinner box
if a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and response will be strengthened
- principle asserting that if a stimulus followed by a behavior results in a reward, the stimulus is more likely to give rise to the behavior in the future
law of effect - Thorndike
outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior
reinforcement
presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
- ex: giving a gold star on hw to get child to keep studying
positive reinforcement
removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
- ex: static is no longer present in a certain area, therefore causing you to stand there more often
negative reinforcement
outcome of consequence of a behavior that weakens the probability of the behavior
- administering a stimulus that the organism wishes to avoid; ex physical shock or spanking = positive
- taking away a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience; ex favorite toy= negative
punishment
stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
- unconsciously aware that it occurs all the time
- ex: snapping fingers at dog too come or waving at friend
discriminative stimulus
pattern in which we provide reinforcement following a regular number of responses
- ex: give a rat a pellet after it presses the lever in a Skinner Box 15 times
fixed ratio (FR) schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval
- ex: worker get paid every friday as long as they sell one item during that 1 week interval
fixed interval (FI) schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly
- ex: a pigeon on a ___ ___ of 10 might receive a piece of bread after 6 pecks, then 12 pecks, then 1 peck, then 21 pecks, with average of these being 10
variable ratio (VR) schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly
- ex: dog may have to perform trick during 7min interval the first time, then 1min interval the second time, then 20min interval, then 4min interval, with an average of these being 8 mins
variable interval (VI) schedule
conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target
- coach shapes and learner takes part in actions
- initially reinforcing most or all responses that are close to the desired behavior, and then gradually fading our reinforcement for the not-exactly-right behaviors over time
shaping by successive approximations
neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
- ex: tokens, points, etc
secondary reinforcer
item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior
- ex: favorite food, drink, etc
primary reinforcer
learning thats not directly observable
- we learn many things without showing them
- competence - performing what we know and performance - showing what we know
latent learning
O - organism interprets thee stimulus before producing a response
- organisms response to a stimulus depends on what the stimulus means to it.
- ex: having two friends show up late and acting mad. one friend is apologetic and the other is rude
S-O-R psychology
mental representation of how a physical space is organized
- ex: mental picture layout of the college campus after first few weeks
cognitive map
learning by watching others
- ex; professors, parents, friends
observational learning
cell in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action
mirror neuron
we’re evolutionarily predisposed to fear certain stimuli more than others b/c they posed a threat to our ancestors.
- more likely to fear cliffs and poisonous animals than to household items
preparedness
an individuals preferred or optimal method of acquiring new information
- 4 types of different learners
learning style
learners who excel at breaking down problems into different components
analytical learner
learners that excel at viewing problems as a whole
holistic learner
learners who prefer t talk through a problem
verbal learners
learners who prefer to visualize problems in their heads
visual learners
brain deficit
- brain finished myeliating at 22-24 years old
psychopathic
socialization deficit
- under socialized b/c haven’t had the right kind of experiences
sociopathic
switching letters up when writing them out
dyslexia
Pattern of reinforcing behavior
Schedule of reinforcement
Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement
Only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting n slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually
Partial reinforcement
