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Gen Eds > MicroBioFinal > Flashcards

MicroBioFinal Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of all the cells in/on your body are actually your cells with your DNA?

A

1/10th human

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2
Q

Name 2 locations on/in your body where we find normal flora

A

nose, skin

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3
Q

According to scientific estimates, how long ago did the anerobic prokaryotes show up?

A

3.5 billion years ago

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4
Q

List Darwin’s 2 key observations

A
  1. overproduction of offspring

2. individual variation

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5
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation, and what was the experiment called?

A

Pasteur; Swan-neck flask experiment

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6
Q

What is Semmelweis famous for?

A

handwashing

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7
Q

Who accidentally discovered Penicillin?

A

Flemming

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8
Q

What is Jenner famous for?

A

*Vaccination

Vaccinia Virus

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9
Q

Who was the first to coin the term “cellulae” (cell)?

A

Hooke

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10
Q

Where does Russell think life may have started on earth?

A

hydrothermal vents in ocean floor

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11
Q

List 3 groups of organisms that fall into the category of “Eubacteria” (aka Bacteria)?

A

gram+, gram-, acid-fast

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12
Q

List the steps of Biofilm formation in order

A
  1. Planktonic Organism
  2. Reversible attachment w/attachment pilus
  3. Irreversible attachment w/slime layer
  4. Microcolony formation and quorum sensing
  5. Mature biofilm
  6. Release of planktonic organism
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13
Q

Which term do we define as “programmed cell death”?

A

apoptosis

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14
Q

List 3 physical barriers in immune system

A

skin, mucous membrane, sweat

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15
Q

How are macrophage activated?

A

signal 0

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16
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

eat bacteria

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17
Q

List the 4 key symptoms of inflammation

A

redness, heat, edema/swelling, pain

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18
Q

Which cell mediates the fever by releasing pyrogens?

A

macrophage

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19
Q

After all of the complement proteins have been activated, what happens to the cell?

A

cytolysis

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20
Q

Which compounds do mast cells release to mediate inflammation?

A

histamine and heparin

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21
Q

Histamine, cytokines, and internal cell components that activate antigen independent cells

signal 0,1, or 2?

A

signal 0

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22
Q

Antigen recognition

signal 0,1, or 2?

A

signal 1

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23
Q

costimulation of B or T cells with cytokines

signal 0, 1, or 2?

A

signal 2

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24
Q

Precipitation

A

Binding to free protein antigens

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25
Q

Lysis

A

Activating the complement system

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26
Q

Agglutination

A

Binding to antigens on cells

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27
Q

Neutralization

A

Binding to viral antigens

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28
Q

Sally sneezed on charlie and he inhaled a pathogen. what type of transfer has occurred?

A

contact aersol droplets

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29
Q

What is the CD’s #1 recommendation for preventing Nosocomial infection?

A

wash your hands

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30
Q

What type of motion do Eukaryotic flagella use?

A

wave

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31
Q

List the steps in viral replication for naked virsuses using the Lytic Cycle

A
  1. attach
  2. penetration
  3. biosynthesis
  4. assembly and maturation
  5. release by lysis

Enveloped virus release by budding (has uncoating step)

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32
Q

How do enveloped viruses leave their host cells?

A

budding

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33
Q

what are prions?

A

misfolded proteins that infect others

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34
Q

how do bacterial cells divide?

A

binary fission

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35
Q

what happens to a cell with a cell wall in a hypertonic environment?

A

plasmolysis occurs

  • hypertonic without cell wall = cell shrivels up
  • isotonic with cell wall or no cell wall = flaccid
  • hypotonic with cell wall = turgid, without cell wall = cytolysis
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36
Q

which channel protein move 3 billion water molecules per second across the plasma membrane?

A

aquaporins

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37
Q

which structure do some bacteria use to grab on to their environment?

A

attachment pilus

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38
Q

what is the capsule form of the glycocalyx used for?

A

To protect bacteria from the immune system

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39
Q

which proteins in the plasma membrane move molecules based on their size, shape, and diffusion?

A

carrier proteins

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40
Q

describe the gram+ cell wall

A

has techtoic acid that holds everything together and has a thick layer of peptidoglycan

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41
Q

what is the primary stain in the gram stain?

A

crystal violet

42
Q

what is the composition of cytosol?

A

70-80% water, dissolved sugars, salts, ions, and minerals

43
Q

what does the endosymbiotic theory claim?

A

Smaller organisms invade a larger organism and then mutualism occurs

44
Q

which motor proteins carry vesicles along the cytoskeleton?

A

dynein arms

45
Q

what is the error rate for RNA polymerase?

A

1/10,000

46
Q

which 2 enzymes are responsible for DNA replication?

A

DNA helicase and DNA polymerase

47
Q

what is the hereditary material for the cell?

A

DNA

48
Q

transcribe the following sequence:

AGCTAGTTAGCA

A

UCGAUCAAUCGU

DNA to RNA

49
Q

the RNA molecule responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein assembly is the ____?

A

tRNA

50
Q

if a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a ____ mRNA codon

A

UCG

51
Q

the enzyme that copies DNA to make a molecule of mRNA is

A

RNA polymerase

52
Q

what is transcription?

A

DNA is copied to mRNA

53
Q

generally, plasmids carry which type of genetic material?

A

nonessential genes

54
Q

which enzyme converts O2 into hydrogen peroxide?

A

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

55
Q

which organisms do not produce catalase or superoxide dismutase?

A

obligate anerobe

56
Q

the term facultative anerobe refers to an organism that:

A
  • prefers O2

- can live without O2

57
Q

an organism that prefers to live in low pH environments is called a _______

A

acidophile

58
Q

which enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide into water and O2?

A

catalase (CAT)

59
Q

what does the Competitive Exclusion Principle predict will happen to the less advantaged organism?

A
  1. less advantaged will be out competed by preferred organism
  2. less advantaged will be forced into a new niche
60
Q

during Aerobic Cellular Respiration, ATP is produced by which enzyme?

A

ATP synthase

61
Q

where does Krebs Cycle occur during Prokaryotic Cellular Respiration?

A

in the cytosol

62
Q

what is the final electron acceptor for obligate anerobes?

A

anything but oxygen

63
Q

how much ATP is produced during electron transport for Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A

34 ATP

64
Q

how does UV light kill bacteria?

A

by damaging DNA

65
Q

define degerming

A

removing microbes from a limited area

66
Q

barring allergies, why doesn’t Penicillin hurt us?

A

we do not make peptidogylcan

67
Q

where do we get most of our antibiotics from?

A

other bacteria

68
Q

what do quinolones do?

A

attack DNA gyrase

69
Q

name the 2 biggest reasons that antibiotic resistance has increased dramatically in the last 50 years

A
  1. *overuse in farm animals

2. being flushed down the toilet

70
Q

which antibiotic resistant protein pumps the antibiotic back out of the cell?

A

rapid efflux pumps

71
Q

which phage administration techniques seem to have the lowest interference from the immune system?

A

orally; locally

72
Q

which environmental sources that we interact with daily contain large numbers of bacteriophage?

A

water and food

73
Q

MRSA

which enzyme does MRSA use to degrade the antibiotics we try to use against it?

A

beta lactamase

74
Q

MRSA

which toxin does MRSA release that causes disease symptoms?

A

alpha toxins (exotoxins)

75
Q

MRSA

where do healthy people carry MRSA?

A

normal flora (nares)

76
Q

MRSA

what is the preferred antibiotic to use against MRSA at this point?

A

IV Vencomyicin

77
Q

MRSA

according to 2002 data, what percentage of nosocomial infections were MRSA infections?

A

10%

78
Q

Plague

which organism causes plague?

A

Yersinia* Pestis (UNDERLINE!)

79
Q

Plague

which symptom marks the beginning of secondary pneumonic plague?

A

bloody sputum

80
Q

Plague

how long do you have after the 1st symptoms to treat pneumonic plague?

A

18 hours

81
Q

Plague

what is the death rate for untreated pneumonic plague?

A

100%

82
Q

Lyme

what bacterial cell shape does Borrelia burgdorferi have?

A

spirochete

83
Q

Lyme

which key feature do you look for to detect Early Localized Lyme?

A

stiff neck or target lesions

84
Q

Lyme

how are we told to prevent Lyme disease today?

A
  1. check yourself and pets for ticks after being in wooded areas and grassy areas
  2. making sure that head of tick is completely removed
85
Q

AIDS

name the 4 body fluids you can get HIV from

A

seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, blood, breast milk

86
Q

AIDS

what is the clinical definition of AIDS?

A

less than 200mL of T helper cells per mL of blood

87
Q

AIDS

what do protease inhibitors do?

A

prevent assembly of new virus

88
Q

AIDS

if we want to functionally cure someone, when do we need to start treatment?

A

within 6 weeks of exposure/infection

89
Q

Chicken Pox

name on method of transmission for chicken pox

A

contact aersol

90
Q

Chicken Pox

where does the chicken pox virus remain for the rest of your life in a (usually) dormant state?

A

nervous system tissue

91
Q

Chicken Pox

which medication do we use to speed up the resolution of chicken pox symptoms?

A

Acyclovir

92
Q

Chicken Pox

how can we distinguish at the clinical (symptom) level between chicken pox and smallpox?

A

Chick Pox arrive in waves of crops and are in chest, neck, armpits, scalp

Small Pox arrive in one crop and are mainly found on face and limbs

93
Q

Smallpox

which virus causes Smallpox?

A

Variola Major/Minor

94
Q

Smallpox

where in the cell does smallpox replicate?

A

in the cytosol

95
Q

Smallpox

what is the death rate for smallpox?

A

40%

96
Q

Smallpox

what is the treatment for smallpox?

A

there is no treatment

97
Q

According to scientific estimates, how long ago did the aerobic eukaryotes show up?

A

1.7 billion years ago

98
Q

According to scientific estimates, how long ago did the Oxygen show up?

A

2.5 billion years ago

99
Q

According to scientific estimates, how long ago did was Earth formed?

A

4.6 billion years ago

100
Q

According to scientific estimates, how old is the universe?

A

15 billion years old

100
Q

Which antibody class helps to mediate inflammatory response?

A

IgE

Gen Eds (39 decks)

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