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PSL301 > PSL301: Water 1 > Flashcards

PSL301: Water 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the kidney (3)

A
  1. Maintain normal volume & composition in the body
  2. Excrete waste from body
  3. Maintain BP, hemoglobin, Ca++ levels through hormone secretion
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2
Q

What is the main waste secreted by the kidneys?

A

Products of protein metabolism

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3
Q

How does the kidney maintain normal volume & composition in the body?

A

filter large volumes of plasma, water, solutes at the glomerulus

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4
Q

The kidney clears ___x the total plasma volume every day

A

40

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5
Q

How does the kidney Excrete waste from body?

A

filtered fluid goes through tubules: add or remove water & solutes to form final urine product

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6
Q

How does the kidney Maintain BP, hemoglobin, Ca++ levels?

A

Secretes hormones in response to changes in BP, hemoglobin, Ca++

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7
Q

Case: slow marathon runner with headache, nausea, vomit, grand mal seizure, hyponatremia

What’s wrong?

A

Cells in brain swell due to hyponatremia:

  • increase intracranial pressure; parts of brain get compressed
  • seizure, coma, death
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8
Q

Case: slow marathon runner with headache, nausea, vomit, grand mal seizure, hyponatremia

How to treat?

A

Give IV (hypertonic saline solution)

  • raise Na+ in ECF
  • water move out of brain cells
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9
Q

define: solutes

A

particles dissolved in a water solution

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10
Q

define: electrolytes

A

charged solutes

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11
Q

define: osmolarity

A

concentration of solutes in water which generates an osmotic force

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12
Q

define: osmosis

A

movement of water across semi-permeable membrane in response to an osmotic gradient

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13
Q

Water moves from __ osmolality to __ osmolality

A

low

high

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14
Q

define: osmotic gradient

A

a difference in the osmolality in the compartments separated by the membrane

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15
Q

Humans are __ % water

A

50 - 60

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16
Q

Body water is split into…

A
  1. intracellular space (2/3)

2. extracellular space (1/3)

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17
Q

ECF is split into…

A 
Plasma (25%)
Interstitial fluid (75%)
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18
Q

What is ISF?

A

Fluid outside both the cell and the blood stream

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19
Q

Plasma is bordered by…

Cells are bordered by…

A 
Capillary walls (endothelial cells)
Cell membrane
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20
Q

What factor determines body water as a fraction of weight?

A

Ratio of fat : muscle

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21
Q

__ contains most of the water in the body, while ___ has very little water.

A

Muscle

Fat

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22
Q

On average, the fat:muscle ratio is higher in…

A
  • women
  • older people
  • sick people
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23
Q

Males are __% water, while females are __%

A

60

50

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24
Q

Why do males have more water than females?

A

They have more muscle

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25
Q

What solutes are present in body fluids?

A
  • ions/electrolytes
  • fuels
  • proteins
  • waste products
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26
Q

cations in body fluids include…

A
  • Na
  • K
  • Ca
  • Mg
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27
Q

anions in body fluids include…

A
  • Cl
  • bicarb
  • phosphate
  • protein
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28
Q

Which 2 ions balance?

A

Na and Cl

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29
Q

fuels in the body fluid include..

A
  • glucose
  • lactate
  • AA
  • ketones
30
Q

proteins in body fluids include…

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • hormones
31
Q

waste products in body fluids include…

A
  • urea
  • creatinine
  • uric acid
    …
32
Q

Na is more abundant in the…

33
Q

K is more abundant in the…

34
Q

Ca is more abundant in the…

35
Q

Cl is more abundant in the…

36
Q

bicarb is more abundant in the…

A

plasma (slightly)

37
Q

proteins & phosphates are more abundant in the…

38
Q

What maintains the neg charge inside cells?

A
  • proteins & phosphates

- cell more permeable to K than Na (RMP closer to K equilibrium potential)

39
Q

proteins & phosphates are not found..

40
Q

ICF has a ___ charge compared to ECF

41
Q

___ is the same between the ECF and ICF because…

A

Osmolality

water cross membrane through water channels when there is an osmotic gradient

42
Q

Define: osmolality

A

particles per volume

43
Q

How is the difference between ICF and ECF generated?

A
  1. Na/K ATPase
  2. Neg proteins that can’t leave the cell
  3. Ion channels
44
Q

The Na/K ATPase pumps…

A

2 K into cell

3 Na out of cell

45
Q

the RMP is…

46
Q

When ATP is hydrolyzed at the Na/K ATPase, what happens?

A

Brings 3 Na from inside cell to ECF

47
Q

Why are ionic gradients across cell membrane important?

A
  • nerve conduction
  • muscle contraction
  • pacemaker activity
  • transport in the body
  • cell signalling
48
Q

Which ion is responsible for cell signalling?

49
Q

Example of cell signalling?

A

secretion of insulin

50
Q

why are ionic gradients important for transport?

A

water follows Na+, so Na/K ATPase important for building Na+ gradient

51
Q

Mechanism of insulin secretion

A
  1. Glucose starts cell respiration
  2. More ATP inside cell
  3. High ATP closes K+ channels
  4. Inside of cell becomes positive (depolarize)
  5. Ca++ channels open, Ca++ comes into cell
  6. Ca++ triggers exocytosis of insulin vesicles
52
Q

3 rules of ECF/ICF volume

A
  1. Sodium is always in the ECF
  2. WATER is the one that moves across cell membrane
  3. Regulate body osmolality by drinking/excreting WATER
53
Q

What hormone is used to make us secrete water?

A

inhibit ADH (vasopressin)

54
Q

ECF volume depends on…

A

amount of Na+ in body

55
Q

ICF volume depends on…

A

ECF Na+ concentration

56
Q

Effect on ICF: hyponatremia

A

increased volume (big things are hyp(obese))

57
Q

Effect on ICF: hypernatremia

A

decreased volume (small things are hyper)

58
Q

Relationship between ICF volume and [Na+]

59
Q

Water flux at capillaries is determined by…

A

Starling forces

  1. hydrostatic pressure
  2. osmotic pressure
60
Q

There is ___ g/L of albumin in plasma

61
Q

Albumin provides…

A

oncotic pressure

62
Q

Formula: fluid flux

A

permeability x (hydrostatic pressure gradient - oncotic pressure gradient)

Jv = Kf (hydrostatic - oncotic)

63
Q

Hydrostatic pressure is generated by…

A

pumping action of the heart

64
Q

___ > ___, and the lymphatic system is used to bring excess ISF back to circulation

A

filtration

absorption

65
Q

What is net ex-flux?

66
Q

causes of edema

A
  1. increased hydrostatic pressure (heart failure)
  2. decreased albumin in plasma (liver failure)
  3. increased capillary permeability (allergy, trauma)
  4. lymphatic obstruction
67
Q

Ways to determine ECF

A

Plasma volume:

  • jugular venous pressure
  • BP

ISF volume:
- edema

68
Q

Where is the jugular venous pressure measured?

A

At external jugular vein

69
Q

What is a cause of distension at the jugular venous pressure?

A

coronary bypass operation

70
Q

ECF volume can be determined by ___, but ICF can’t.

A

clinical / physical test

71
Q

How is ICF volume determined?

A

Looking at serum Na+ and osmolality

72
Q

Case: slow marathon runner with headache, nausea, vomit, grand mal seizure, hyponatremia

What did the runner do to cause this?

A
  • Excessive water intake

- Stimulate ADH release (??)

PSL301 (29 decks)

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