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PSL301 > PSL301: Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

PSL301: Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What lung structures are affected during an asthma attack?

A

Muscles around bronchi constrict; very difficult to get air in and out

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2
Q

If a lung function test was observed during an asthma attack, what would be seen?

A

FEV/FVC ratio is decreased; can only get a very small % of the air in their lungs out in 1 second

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3
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Transfer gas between air and blood
  2. Regulate pH
  3. Defense from inhaled pathogens
  4. Volcalization
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4
Q

3 exchanges occur in the respiratory system. what are they?

A
  1. between atomosphere and lungs
  2. between lungs and blood
  3. between blood and cells
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5
Q

The respiratory system is divided into the…

A

upper respiratory tract

lower respiratory tract

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6
Q

What divides the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea (part of lower)

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7
Q

Order air goes through to get to the lungs

A
  1. Nasal cavity / mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. vocal cords / larynx / esophagus
  4. trachea
  5. primary bonchi
  6. secondary bronchi
  7. bronchiole
  8. alveoli
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8
Q

What structure is shared between the digestive and respiratory systems?

A

pharynx

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9
Q

Difference between internal & external intercostals

A

Orientation

internal: vertical to ribs
external: horizontal to ribs

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10
Q

List the muscles of inspiration

A
  1. sternocleidomastoids
  2. scalenes
  3. external intercostals
  4. diaphragm
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11
Q

List the muscles of expiration

A
  1. internal intercostals

2. abdominal muscles

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12
Q

___ enclose the lungs

A

pleural sacs

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13
Q

What are the pleural sacs?

A

double membrane that covers each lung separately

space between the membranes = pleural cavity

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14
Q

The pleural cavities are filled with…

A

fluid

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15
Q

The primary bronchi divides more than ___ times to reach alveoli

A

22

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16
Q

Purpose of the airway

A
  1. warm air to 37 C
  2. humidify to 100%
  3. filter out particles
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17
Q

What filters out the particles in the air?

A

nose hair & respiratory cilia

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18
Q

What secretes mucus?

A

goblet cells

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19
Q

Where are goblet cells located?

A

between ciliated endothelial cells

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20
Q

What allows the cilia to push mucus towards the pharynx?

A

watery saline layer

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21
Q

Which antibody disables pathogens in the respiratory system?

A

IgA

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22
Q

How many bifurcations are there in the conducting airways?

A

16

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23
Q

how many bifurcations are there in the primary lobule?

A

7

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24
Q

How many total bifurcations are there?

A

23

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25
Q

Cutpoints of the bifurcations in the conducting airways

A

1: primary bronchi
2-4: lobular bronchi
5-11: segmental bronchi
12-16: bronchiolar muscles

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26
Q

bifurcations 1-4 is supported by…

A

cartilage and smooth muscle

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27
Q

bifurcations 5-16 is supported by…

A

bronchiolar muscles

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28
Q

define: conducting airway

A

no gas exchange happens here

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29
Q

The conducting airways constitute an ___ because air in this area does not undergo gas exchange

A

anatomical dead space

30
Q

define: anatomical dead space

A

volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange

31
Q

Cutpoints of the primary lobule

A

17-19: respiratory bronchioles
20: alveolar ducts
21-23: alveolar sac

32
Q

Velocity in primary lobule. Why?

A

Almost 0

Many branches; big x-sectional area

33
Q

Distinguish between type I and type II alveolar cells

A

type I: make up structure of alveolar walls

type II: secrete surfactant to lower surface tension of water -> alveoli does not collapse

34
Q

What is found in the areas between alveolar cells?

A
  • elastic fibres
  • capillaries
  • alveolar macrophages
35
Q

Alveolar gas exchange occurs by…

A

passive diffusion

36
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> capillaries -> pulmonary venules -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium

37
Q

__% of blood volume goes to the lungs

A

10

38
Q

The BP at the lungs is…

A

very low

25/8

39
Q

Difference between pulmonary and systemic capillaries

A

Pulmonary: multiple capillary beds for 1 location
If embolus blocks 1 bed, gas exchange can still happen

Systemic: 1 bed of capillaries for 1 region
If this bed is blocked by embolus, the tissue infarcts

40
Q

What defends the respiratory system from pathogens?

A
  1. nose filters
  2. mucous & cilia
  3. antibodies on respiratory surfaces
  4. macrophages in respiratory tract
41
Q

How is lung function measured?

A

spirometry

42
Q

spirometry measures the…

A

volume of the lungs

43
Q

Normal lung volume

A

0.5L

44
Q

total lung capacity for men

A

6L

45
Q

total lung capacity for women

A

5L

46
Q

VT =

A

tidal volume

how much air you breath in and out normally

47
Q

IRV =

A

inspiratory reserve volume

Everything above VT

48
Q

ERV =

A

expiratory reserve volume

Everything below VT

49
Q

RV =

A

residual volume
~1.5L
Air that does not leave the lungs no matter how hard you breathe

50
Q

VC =

A

vital capacity; the most you can breathe in and out

ERV + VT + IRV

51
Q

IC =

A

inspiratory capacity

IRV + VT

52
Q

FRC =

A

functional residual capcity

ERV + RV

53
Q

Is IRV bigger or ERV?

A

IRV (2.5L vs. 1.5L)

54
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity

RV + ERV + VT + IRV

55
Q

Capacities are ____, while volumes are ___

A

sums of different volumes

unique

56
Q

The elderly have more/less ___ (what volume) than young people

A

more RV

57
Q

Types of obstructive lung disease

A
  1. early emphysema
  2. severe emphysema
  3. asthma
58
Q

Emphysema

A

some of the air sacs in your lungs are damaged;

barrel chest

59
Q

Emphysema have more/less ___ (what volume) than young people

A

more TLC caused by more RV

60
Q

what are obstructive lung diseases

A

hard to get air out of lungs quickly, but you can still get enough oxygen

61
Q

what are restrictive lung diseases?

A

Hard to move air in and out of lungs; might not be getting enough oxygen

62
Q

types of restrictive lung diseases:

A
  1. pulmonary fibrosis
  2. neuromuscular disease
  3. severe obesity
63
Q

restrictive lung diseases have more/less ___ (what volume) than young people

A

Less TLC

64
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis

A

damage causes your lungs to stiffen and makes breathing more and more difficult

Every volume is proportionally smaller

65
Q

Neuromuscular disease lung function test

A

Very high RV
Low ERV
Low IRV

66
Q

Severe obesity lung function test

A

Very low ERV

67
Q

FEV =

A

forced expiratory volume

Inhale big, then how much air you can get out in 1 second if you try.

68
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation

69
Q

What does the ratio of FEV / FVC tell you?

A

in 1 second, how much of the air in your lungs you can get out

70
Q

In restrictive lung disease, what does the FEV/FVC look like?

A

About the same as normal, because both FEV and FVC is decreased

71
Q

In obstructive lung disease, what does FEV/FVC look like?

A

Ratio is much lower

72
Q

What is the normal FEV/FVC ratio?

A

80%

PSL301 (29 decks)

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