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PSL301 > PSL301: Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

PSL301: Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What lung structures are affected during an asthma attack?

A

Muscles around bronchi constrict; very difficult to get air in and out

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2
Q

If a lung function test was observed during an asthma attack, what would be seen?

A

FEV/FVC ratio is decreased; can only get a very small % of the air in their lungs out in 1 second

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3
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Transfer gas between air and blood
  2. Regulate pH
  3. Defense from inhaled pathogens
  4. Volcalization
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4
Q

3 exchanges occur in the respiratory system. what are they?

A
  1. between atomosphere and lungs
  2. between lungs and blood
  3. between blood and cells
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5
Q

The respiratory system is divided into the…

A

upper respiratory tract

lower respiratory tract

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6
Q

What divides the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea (part of lower)

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7
Q

Order air goes through to get to the lungs

A
  1. Nasal cavity / mouth
  2. pharynx
  3. vocal cords / larynx / esophagus
  4. trachea
  5. primary bonchi
  6. secondary bronchi
  7. bronchiole
  8. alveoli
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8
Q

What structure is shared between the digestive and respiratory systems?

A

pharynx

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9
Q

Difference between internal & external intercostals

A

Orientation

internal: vertical to ribs
external: horizontal to ribs

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10
Q

List the muscles of inspiration

A
  1. sternocleidomastoids
  2. scalenes
  3. external intercostals
  4. diaphragm
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11
Q

List the muscles of expiration

A
  1. internal intercostals

2. abdominal muscles

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12
Q

___ enclose the lungs

A

pleural sacs

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13
Q

What are the pleural sacs?

A

double membrane that covers each lung separately

space between the membranes = pleural cavity

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14
Q

The pleural cavities are filled with…

A

fluid

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15
Q

The primary bronchi divides more than ___ times to reach alveoli

A

22

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16
Q

Purpose of the airway

A
  1. warm air to 37 C
  2. humidify to 100%
  3. filter out particles
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17
Q

What filters out the particles in the air?

A

nose hair & respiratory cilia

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18
Q

What secretes mucus?

A

goblet cells

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19
Q

Where are goblet cells located?

A

between ciliated endothelial cells

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20
Q

What allows the cilia to push mucus towards the pharynx?

A

watery saline layer

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21
Q

Which antibody disables pathogens in the respiratory system?

A

IgA

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22
Q

How many bifurcations are there in the conducting airways?

A

16

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23
Q

how many bifurcations are there in the primary lobule?

A

7

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24
Q

How many total bifurcations are there?

A

23

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25
Cutpoints of the bifurcations in the conducting airways
1: primary bronchi 2-4: lobular bronchi 5-11: segmental bronchi 12-16: bronchiolar muscles
26
bifurcations 1-4 is supported by...
cartilage and smooth muscle
27
bifurcations 5-16 is supported by...
bronchiolar muscles
28
define: conducting airway
no gas exchange happens here
29
The conducting airways constitute an ___ because air in this area does not undergo gas exchange
anatomical dead space
30
define: anatomical dead space
volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange
31
Cutpoints of the primary lobule
17-19: respiratory bronchioles 20: alveolar ducts 21-23: alveolar sac
32
Velocity in primary lobule. Why?
Almost 0 | Many branches; big x-sectional area
33
Distinguish between type I and type II alveolar cells
type I: make up structure of alveolar walls | type II: secrete surfactant to lower surface tension of water -> alveoli does not collapse
34
What is found in the areas between alveolar cells?
- elastic fibres - capillaries - alveolar macrophages
35
Alveolar gas exchange occurs by...
passive diffusion
36
Pulmonary circulation
right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> capillaries -> pulmonary venules -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium
37
__% of blood volume goes to the lungs
10
38
The BP at the lungs is...
very low | 25/8
39
Difference between pulmonary and systemic capillaries
Pulmonary: multiple capillary beds for 1 location If embolus blocks 1 bed, gas exchange can still happen Systemic: 1 bed of capillaries for 1 region If this bed is blocked by embolus, the tissue infarcts
40
What defends the respiratory system from pathogens?
1. nose filters 2. mucous & cilia 3. antibodies on respiratory surfaces 4. macrophages in respiratory tract
41
How is lung function measured?
spirometry
42
spirometry measures the...
volume of the lungs
43
Normal lung volume
0.5L
44
total lung capacity for men
6L
45
total lung capacity for women
5L
46
VT =
tidal volume | how much air you breath in and out normally
47
IRV =
inspiratory reserve volume | Everything above VT
48
ERV =
expiratory reserve volume | Everything below VT
49
RV =
residual volume ~1.5L Air that does not leave the lungs no matter how hard you breathe
50
VC =
vital capacity; the most you can breathe in and out ERV + VT + IRV
51
IC =
inspiratory capacity IRV + VT
52
FRC =
functional residual capcity ERV + RV
53
Is IRV bigger or ERV?
IRV (2.5L vs. 1.5L)
54
TLC
total lung capacity | RV + ERV + VT + IRV
55
Capacities are ____, while volumes are ___
sums of different volumes | unique
56
The elderly have more/less ___ (what volume) than young people
more RV
57
Types of obstructive lung disease
1. early emphysema 2. severe emphysema 3. asthma
58
Emphysema
some of the air sacs in your lungs are damaged; | barrel chest
59
Emphysema have more/less ___ (what volume) than young people
more TLC caused by more RV
60
what are obstructive lung diseases
hard to get air out of lungs quickly, but you can still get enough oxygen
61
what are restrictive lung diseases?
Hard to move air in and out of lungs; might not be getting enough oxygen
62
types of restrictive lung diseases:
1. pulmonary fibrosis 2. neuromuscular disease 3. severe obesity
63
restrictive lung diseases have more/less ___ (what volume) than young people
Less TLC
64
Pulmonary fibrosis
damage causes your lungs to stiffen and makes breathing more and more difficult Every volume is proportionally smaller
65
Neuromuscular disease lung function test
Very high RV Low ERV Low IRV
66
Severe obesity lung function test
Very low ERV
67
FEV =
forced expiratory volume Inhale big, then how much air you can get out in 1 second if you try.
68
FVC
forced vital capacity maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
69
What does the ratio of FEV / FVC tell you?
in 1 second, how much of the air in your lungs you can get out
70
In restrictive lung disease, what does the FEV/FVC look like?
About the same as normal, because both FEV and FVC is decreased
71
In obstructive lung disease, what does FEV/FVC look like?
Ratio is much lower
72
What is the normal FEV/FVC ratio?
80%

PSL301 (29 decks)

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