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PSL301 > PSL301: Respiratory 2 > Flashcards

PSL301: Respiratory 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tachypnea

A

rapid breathing

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2
Q

Tachycardia

A

rapid heart rate

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3
Q

Cyanosis

A

Person turns blue, especially under the nails

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4
Q

Trachypnea, tachycardia, grunting when expiring, and cyanosis are symptoms of…

A

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

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5
Q

Treatment for respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

A

Artificial surfactants

Respirator

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6
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P1V1 = P2V2

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7
Q

relationship between pressure and volume

A

Inversely proportional

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8
Q

How does air get into lungs?

A

Diaphragm contracts, increasing thoracic volume = decreasing thoracic pressure.
Atm pressure > alveolar pressure
Air flow down pressure gradient

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9
Q

How does air get out of the lungs?

A

Diaphragm relaxes, decreasing thoracic volume = increasing thoracic pressure.
Atm pressure < alveolar pressure
Air flow down pressure gradient

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10
Q

Diaphragm is controlled by __ nerve

A

phrenic nerve

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11
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve located?

A

spinal segments C3, C4, C5

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12
Q

Scalenes are attached to the…

A

first 2 ribs

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13
Q

sternocleidomastoids are attached to the…

A

sternum

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14
Q

Inspiratory muscles consist of…

A

external intercostals
sternocleidomastoids
scalenes

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15
Q

The rib cage can increase in dimension in 2 ways

A
  1. anterior-posterior (pump handle)

2. lateral (bucket handle)

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16
Q

When are expiratory muscles used?

A
  • voluntary expiration

- fast breathing frequency

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17
Q

Internal intercostals effect on rib cage during expiration

A

contract -> force rib cage inwards

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18
Q

Abdominal muscles effect on rib cage during expiration

A

contract -> force rib cage inward & force abdomen into thoracic cavity to decrease lung volume

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19
Q

How does the movement of diaphragm and rib cage affect the lungs when they are not attached to the thoracic wall?

A

Fluid in pleural cavity has enough surface tension, and act as glue

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20
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

Pressure in pleural cavity

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21
Q

Intrapleural pressure is always POSITIVE / NEGATIVE with respect to atm pressure and alveolar pressure

A

negative

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22
Q

Volume of pleural cavity

A

15 mL

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23
Q

The inner membrane of the pleura is called…

A

visceral pleura

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24
Q

The outer membrane of the pleura is called…

A

Parietal pleura

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25
Q

Are expiratory muscles normally used?

A

No, expiration is usually a passive process

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26
Q

What creates the intrapleural pressure?

A

The opposing forces between the chest wanting to expand and the lungs wanting to collapse

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27
Q

___ of the chest wall tries to pull chest outwards

A

elastic recoil

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28
Q

____ of the lungs creates an inward pull

A

elastic recoil

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29
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Collapsed lung
Puncture in the intrapleural cavity makes it atm = no more glue

chest and lungs do whatever they want:
chest expand out
lungs collapse in

30
Q

Treatment for penumothroax

A
  • wet dressing to wound (air in pleural cavity can only flow outwards)
  • CPR to re-inflate lungs
31
Q

How does the alveolar pressure change during inspiration & expiration?

A

sin graph
min = middle of inspiration (-1 mmHg)
max = middle of expiration (+1 mmHg)

32
Q

How does the intrapleural pressure change during inspiration & expiration?

A
  • 3 at the beginning of inspiration
  • 6 at the beginning of expiration

Remember that it is always negative!

33
Q

Which takes longer, inhale or exhale?

A

Exhale takes about 3x longer

34
Q

2 factors that influence breathing

A
  1. lung compliance

2. airway resistance

35
Q

Lung compliance

A

Degree the lungs will comply by changing their volume when subjected to change in intrapleural pressure

36
Q

Lung compliance is influenced by…

A
  1. elastin fibre

2. surface tension in alveoli

37
Q

Airway resistance

A

Force that opposes the movement of air

38
Q

Airway resistance is influenced by…

A
  1. type of flow

2. airway diameter

39
Q

Elastin fibres are found…

A

between alveolar cells

40
Q

Elastin fibers are composed of…

A

single elastin molecules cross-linked with each other

41
Q

What happens to elasticity of lungs as we get older?

A

decreases

42
Q

What happens to elasticity in people with empysema?

A

decreases

43
Q

Relationship between elasticity and compliance?

A

Inverse

44
Q

Formula: lung compliance

A

CL = change in volume / change in distending pressure

45
Q

distending pressure

A

pressure difference between alveoli and intrapleural cavity

46
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis causes lung compliance to…

A

get worse (harder to expand)

47
Q

Emphysema causes lung compliance to…

A

get better (expand easily)

48
Q

surfactants ___ the surface tension

A

reduce

49
Q

Increased surface tension will cause alveoli to…

A

shrink

more pressure pushing on the bubble

50
Q

Law of LaPlace

A

P = 2T/r

51
Q

According to LaPlace, what size alveoli experience greater pressure?

A

smaller ones

52
Q

Purpose of surfactants at the aveoli

A

To equalize the pressures experience by the big and small bubbles

53
Q

Why don’t we want smaller alveoli collapsing into bigger ones?

A

Smaller ones have more SA, which is better for gas exchange

54
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn is due to…

A

Premature baby:

Type II alveolar cells don’t produce enough surfactant, so less SA at alveoli -> less gas exchange

55
Q

3 types of flow

A
  1. laminar
  2. turbulent
  3. intermediate
56
Q

What type of flow is in the respiratory system?

A

Intermediate:

mainly laminar, but turbulent at branch points

57
Q

Formula for resistance

A

Ln/r^4

L = length of tube
n = viscosity of air
r = radius of tube
58
Q

90% of the resistance in the airway comes from…

A

trachea & bronchi

59
Q

How does the bronchioles contribute to resistance?

A 
Not much (large x-section area)
By changing diameter (smooth muscles)
60
Q

Histamine causes the bronchioles to…

A

constrict

61
Q

CO2 / E on B2-adrenergic receptors cause bronchioles to…

A

dilate

62
Q

When resistance in airway is increased, what happens to the pressure?

A

More negative alveolar pressure during inspiration
More positive alveolar pressure during expiration

Needed to maintain constant volume of air

63
Q

Total pulmonary ventilation tells us…

A

how much air moves into and out of the lungs per minute

64
Q

Formula: total pulmonary ventilation

A

minute ventilation = VT * respiration rate

65
Q

Normal respiration rate

A

12 breaths/min

66
Q

Normal minute ventilation

A

6000 mL/min

67
Q

Formula: alveolar ventilation

A

(VT - DSV) * RR

68
Q

How much air is usually in the dead space?

A

150 mL/br

69
Q

Alveolar ventilation is…

A

volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute

70
Q

Difference between total ventilation and alveolar ventilation

A

Alveolar ventilation takes into account DSV, which does not reach the alveoli

71
Q

Typical alveolar ventilation is…

A

4200 mL/min

72
Q

How to increase the ventilation of the lungs?

A

Increase tidal volume AND increase breathing frequency

PSL301 (29 decks)

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